7. Jiang Z, Zhang W, Jin L, Yang X, Xu F, Zhu J, Huang W (2007) Direct XPS evidence for
charge transfer from a reduced rutile TiO 2 (110) surface to Au clusters. J Phys Chem C 111
(33):12434–12439
8. Deskins NA, Rousseau R, Dupuis M (2011) Distribution of Ti
3+ surface sites in reduced TiO 2 .
J Phys Chem C 115(15):7562–7572
9. Petrik NG, Zhang Z, Du Y, Dohnálek Z, Lyubinetsky I, Kimmel GA (2009) Chemical
reactivity of reduced TiO 2 (110): the dominant role of surface defects in oxygen chemisorption.
J Phys Chem C 113(28):12407–12411
10. Diebold U, Lehman J, Mahmoud T, Kuhn M, Leonardelli G, Hebenstreit W, Schmid M, Varga
P (1998) Intrinsic defects on a TiO 2 (110)(1Â1) surface and their reaction with oxygen: a
scanning tunneling microscopy study. Surf Sci 411(1–2):137–153
11. Fang W, Xing M, Zhang J (2017) Modifications on reduced titanium dioxide photocatalysts: a
review. J Photochem Photobiol C 32:21–39
12. Chen X, Liu L, Yu P, Mao S (2011) Increasing solar absorption for photocatalysis with black
hydrogenated titanium dioxide nanocrystals. Science 331(6018):746–750
13. Wang G, Wang H, Ling Y, Tang Y, Yang X, Fitzmorris RC, Wang C, Zhang J, Li Y (2011)
Hydrogen-treated TiO 2 nanowire arrays for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nano Lett 11
(7):3026–3033
14. Cai J, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Wu M, Zhang H, Li X, Jiang Z, Meng M (2015) In situ formation of
disorder-engineered TiO 2 (B)-anatase heterophase junction for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. ACS Appl Mater Inter 7(45):24987–24992
15. Hu W, Zhou W, Zhang K, Zhang X, Wang L, Jiang B, Tian G, Zhao D, Fu H (2016) Facile
strategy for controllable synthesis of stable mesoporous black TiO 2 hollow spheres with
efficient solar-driven photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. J Mater Chem A 4(19):7495–7502
16. Lu H, Zhao B, Pan R, Yao J, Qiu J, Luo L, Liu Y (2014) Safe and facile hydrogenation of
commercial Degussa P25 at room temperature with enhanced photocatalytic activity. RSC
Adv 4(3):1128–1132
17. Xing M, Fang W, Nasir M, Ma Y, Zhang J, Anpo M (2013) Self-doped Ti
3+ -enhanced TiO 2
nanoparticles with a high-performance photocatalysis. J Catal 297(0):236–243
18. Ren R, Wen Z, Cui S, Hou Y, Guo X, Chen J (2015) Controllable synthesis and tunable
photocatalytic properties of Ti
3+ -doped TiO 2 . Sci Rep 5:10714
19. Fang W, Xing M, Zhang J (2014) A new approach to prepare Ti3+ self-doped TiO2 via
NaBH4 reduction and hydrochloric acid treatment. Appl Catal B 160(0):240–246
20. Zhao Z, Zhang X, Zhang G, Liu Z, Qu D, Miao X, Feng P, Sun Z (2015) Effect of defects on
photocatalytic activity of rutile TiO 2 nanorods. Nano Res 8(12):4061–4071
21. Tan H, Zhao Z, Niu M, Mao C, Cao D, Cheng D, Feng P, Sun Z (2014) A facile and versatile
method for preparation of colored TiO 2 with enhanced solar-driven photocatalytic activity.
Nanoscale 6(17):10216–10223
22. Zhang H, Xing Z, Zhang Y, Li Z, Wu X, Liu C, Zhu Q, Zhou W (2015) Ni
2+ and Ti
3+
co-doped porous black anatase TiO 2 with unprecedented-high visible-light-driven
photocatalytic degradation performance. RSC Adv 5(129):107150–107157
23. Liu X, Xing Z, Zhang H, Wang W, Zhang Y, Li Z, Wu X, Yu X, Zhou W (2016) Fabrication of
3D mesoporous black TiO 2 /MoS 2 /TiO 2 nanosheets for visible-light-driven photocatalysis.
ChemSusChem 9(10):1118–1124
24. Ma C, Pang G, He G, Li Y, He C, Hao Z (2016) Layered sphere-shaped TiO 2 capped with gold
nanoparticles on structural defects and their catalysis of formaldehyde oxidation. J Environ Sci
39:77–85
25. Mao C, Zuo F, Hou Y, Bu X, Feng P (2014) In situ preparation of a Ti
3+ self-doped TiO 2 film
with enhanced activity as photoanode by N 2 H 4 reduction. Angew Chem 126
(39):10653–10657
26. Cheng X, Cheng Q, Li B, Deng X, Li J, Wang P, Zhang B, Liu H, Wang X (2015) One-step
construction of N/Ti
3+
codoped TiO 2 nanotubes photoelectrode with high
photoelectrochemical and photoelectrocatalytic performance. Electrochim Acta 186:442–448
References
97
charge transfer from a reduced rutile TiO 2 (110) surface to Au clusters. J Phys Chem C 111
(33):12434–12439
8. Deskins NA, Rousseau R, Dupuis M (2011) Distribution of Ti
3+ surface sites in reduced TiO 2 .
J Phys Chem C 115(15):7562–7572
9. Petrik NG, Zhang Z, Du Y, Dohnálek Z, Lyubinetsky I, Kimmel GA (2009) Chemical
reactivity of reduced TiO 2 (110): the dominant role of surface defects in oxygen chemisorption.
J Phys Chem C 113(28):12407–12411
10. Diebold U, Lehman J, Mahmoud T, Kuhn M, Leonardelli G, Hebenstreit W, Schmid M, Varga
P (1998) Intrinsic defects on a TiO 2 (110)(1Â1) surface and their reaction with oxygen: a
scanning tunneling microscopy study. Surf Sci 411(1–2):137–153
11. Fang W, Xing M, Zhang J (2017) Modifications on reduced titanium dioxide photocatalysts: a
review. J Photochem Photobiol C 32:21–39
12. Chen X, Liu L, Yu P, Mao S (2011) Increasing solar absorption for photocatalysis with black
hydrogenated titanium dioxide nanocrystals. Science 331(6018):746–750
13. Wang G, Wang H, Ling Y, Tang Y, Yang X, Fitzmorris RC, Wang C, Zhang J, Li Y (2011)
Hydrogen-treated TiO 2 nanowire arrays for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nano Lett 11
(7):3026–3033
14. Cai J, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Wu M, Zhang H, Li X, Jiang Z, Meng M (2015) In situ formation of
disorder-engineered TiO 2 (B)-anatase heterophase junction for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. ACS Appl Mater Inter 7(45):24987–24992
15. Hu W, Zhou W, Zhang K, Zhang X, Wang L, Jiang B, Tian G, Zhao D, Fu H (2016) Facile
strategy for controllable synthesis of stable mesoporous black TiO 2 hollow spheres with
efficient solar-driven photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. J Mater Chem A 4(19):7495–7502
16. Lu H, Zhao B, Pan R, Yao J, Qiu J, Luo L, Liu Y (2014) Safe and facile hydrogenation of
commercial Degussa P25 at room temperature with enhanced photocatalytic activity. RSC
Adv 4(3):1128–1132
17. Xing M, Fang W, Nasir M, Ma Y, Zhang J, Anpo M (2013) Self-doped Ti
3+ -enhanced TiO 2
nanoparticles with a high-performance photocatalysis. J Catal 297(0):236–243
18. Ren R, Wen Z, Cui S, Hou Y, Guo X, Chen J (2015) Controllable synthesis and tunable
photocatalytic properties of Ti
3+ -doped TiO 2 . Sci Rep 5:10714
19. Fang W, Xing M, Zhang J (2014) A new approach to prepare Ti3+ self-doped TiO2 via
NaBH4 reduction and hydrochloric acid treatment. Appl Catal B 160(0):240–246
20. Zhao Z, Zhang X, Zhang G, Liu Z, Qu D, Miao X, Feng P, Sun Z (2015) Effect of defects on
photocatalytic activity of rutile TiO 2 nanorods. Nano Res 8(12):4061–4071
21. Tan H, Zhao Z, Niu M, Mao C, Cao D, Cheng D, Feng P, Sun Z (2014) A facile and versatile
method for preparation of colored TiO 2 with enhanced solar-driven photocatalytic activity.
Nanoscale 6(17):10216–10223
22. Zhang H, Xing Z, Zhang Y, Li Z, Wu X, Liu C, Zhu Q, Zhou W (2015) Ni
2+ and Ti
3+
co-doped porous black anatase TiO 2 with unprecedented-high visible-light-driven
photocatalytic degradation performance. RSC Adv 5(129):107150–107157
23. Liu X, Xing Z, Zhang H, Wang W, Zhang Y, Li Z, Wu X, Yu X, Zhou W (2016) Fabrication of
3D mesoporous black TiO 2 /MoS 2 /TiO 2 nanosheets for visible-light-driven photocatalysis.
ChemSusChem 9(10):1118–1124
24. Ma C, Pang G, He G, Li Y, He C, Hao Z (2016) Layered sphere-shaped TiO 2 capped with gold
nanoparticles on structural defects and their catalysis of formaldehyde oxidation. J Environ Sci
39:77–85
25. Mao C, Zuo F, Hou Y, Bu X, Feng P (2014) In situ preparation of a Ti
3+ self-doped TiO 2 film
with enhanced activity as photoanode by N 2 H 4 reduction. Angew Chem 126
(39):10653–10657
26. Cheng X, Cheng Q, Li B, Deng X, Li J, Wang P, Zhang B, Liu H, Wang X (2015) One-step
construction of N/Ti
3+
codoped TiO 2 nanotubes photoelectrode with high
photoelectrochemical and photoelectrocatalytic performance. Electrochim Acta 186:442–448
References
97