286
D. Toczek et al.
croscopic observations confirm that synthetized glycosides changed the morphology of kidney stones [46]. The similar behavior was observed for the plant extract
of Galium verum, Rubia tinctorum, Hypericum perforatum and Humulus lupulus,
which contain high amount of polyphenol glycosides [47].
Table 9.2 Results of flame photometry—calcium oxalate test. (This table was published in
Frąckowiak et al. [45], Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved)
Compound
Concentration of
Ca
2 +
in sample test
(10
−4
M)
ΔCa
2 +
(10
−4
M) The increase
of calcium
concentration
(%)
1,2-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone
9.1
5.4
246
2-(β-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-1-hydroxy9,10-anthraquinone
22.0
18.3
595
1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone
7.60
3.9
205
1-(β-d-Glucopyranosyloxy)-4-hydroxy9,10-anthraquinone
20.0
16.6
541
1,2,5,8-Tetrahydroxy-9,10-anthraquionone
49.0
45.3
1324
2-(β-d-Glucopyranosyloxy)-1,5,8trihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone
56.0
52.3
1513
2-(β-d-Galactopyranosyloxy)-1-hydroxy9,10-anthraquinone
16.0
12.3
432
2-(β-d-Galactopyranosyloxy)1,5,8-trihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone
19.0
15.3
513
Concentration of Ca
2 +
in reference test = 3.70 × 10
−4
M. ΔCa
2 +
= Concentration of Ca
2 +
in sample
test (2) − Concentration of Ca
2 +
in reference test (1)
Table 9.3 Results of flame photometry—real kidney stones. (This table was published in
Frąckowiak et al. [45], Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved)
Compound
Concentration of Ca
2 +
in sample test
(10
− 4
M)
ΔCa
2 +
(10
− 4
M) The increase
of calcium
concentration
(%)
1,2-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone
8.6
7.4
717
2-(β-d-Glucopyranosyloxy)-1-hydroxy-9,10anthraquinone
19.0
17.8
1583
1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone
10.0
8.8
833
1-(β-d-Glucopyranosyloxy)-4-hydroxy-9,10anthraquinone
24.0
22.8
2000
1,2,5,8-Tetrahydroxy-9,10-anthraquionone
50.0
48.8
4167
2-(β-d-Glucopyranosyloxy)-1,5,8-trihydroxy9,10-anthraquinone
58.0
56.8
4833
2-(β-d-Galactopyranosyloxy)-1-hydroxy-9,10anthraquinone
18.0
16.8
1500
2-(β-D-Galactopyranosyloxy)-1,5,8trihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone
20.0
18.8
1667
Concentration of Ca
2 +
in reference test = 1.20 × 10
− 4
M. ΔCa
2 +
= Concentration of Ca
2 +
in sample
test (2) − Concentration of Ca
2 +
in reference test (1)
D. Toczek et al.
croscopic observations confirm that synthetized glycosides changed the morphology of kidney stones [46]. The similar behavior was observed for the plant extract
of Galium verum, Rubia tinctorum, Hypericum perforatum and Humulus lupulus,
which contain high amount of polyphenol glycosides [47].
Table 9.2 Results of flame photometry—calcium oxalate test. (This table was published in
Frąckowiak et al. [45], Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved)
Compound
Concentration of
Ca
2 +
in sample test
(10
−4
M)
ΔCa
2 +
(10
−4
M) The increase
of calcium
concentration
(%)
1,2-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone
9.1
5.4
246
2-(β-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-1-hydroxy9,10-anthraquinone
22.0
18.3
595
1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone
7.60
3.9
205
1-(β-d-Glucopyranosyloxy)-4-hydroxy9,10-anthraquinone
20.0
16.6
541
1,2,5,8-Tetrahydroxy-9,10-anthraquionone
49.0
45.3
1324
2-(β-d-Glucopyranosyloxy)-1,5,8trihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone
56.0
52.3
1513
2-(β-d-Galactopyranosyloxy)-1-hydroxy9,10-anthraquinone
16.0
12.3
432
2-(β-d-Galactopyranosyloxy)1,5,8-trihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone
19.0
15.3
513
Concentration of Ca
2 +
in reference test = 3.70 × 10
−4
M. ΔCa
2 +
= Concentration of Ca
2 +
in sample
test (2) − Concentration of Ca
2 +
in reference test (1)
Table 9.3 Results of flame photometry—real kidney stones. (This table was published in
Frąckowiak et al. [45], Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved)
Compound
Concentration of Ca
2 +
in sample test
(10
− 4
M)
ΔCa
2 +
(10
− 4
M) The increase
of calcium
concentration
(%)
1,2-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone
8.6
7.4
717
2-(β-d-Glucopyranosyloxy)-1-hydroxy-9,10anthraquinone
19.0
17.8
1583
1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone
10.0
8.8
833
1-(β-d-Glucopyranosyloxy)-4-hydroxy-9,10anthraquinone
24.0
22.8
2000
1,2,5,8-Tetrahydroxy-9,10-anthraquionone
50.0
48.8
4167
2-(β-d-Glucopyranosyloxy)-1,5,8-trihydroxy9,10-anthraquinone
58.0
56.8
4833
2-(β-d-Galactopyranosyloxy)-1-hydroxy-9,10anthraquinone
18.0
16.8
1500
2-(β-D-Galactopyranosyloxy)-1,5,8trihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone
20.0
18.8
1667
Concentration of Ca
2 +
in reference test = 1.20 × 10
− 4
M. ΔCa
2 +
= Concentration of Ca
2 +
in sample
test (2) − Concentration of Ca
2 +
in reference test (1)