indicates all these process parameters together with the ranges to be controlled and
held constant.
Modern plants are equipped with all these sensors of the required sensitivities.
Excellent process control is a key item in running a plant safely and in reaching a
high quality level for all products.
4 Process Design
To achieve highest product quality levels, especially for technical applications
combined with high flexibility in grade change and product development,
process design is the salient point. The advanced cascade process (ACP) design,
with three polymerization reactors running in series, fulfils the above-mentioned
recommendations in a perfect way. The key feature of this process design is no
catalyst change. All products can be produced with the same catalyst. This is an
outstanding advantage because catalyst development is a time-consuming process
with an uncertain issue. Running three polymerization reactors in series, and
introducing the catalyst only into the first polymerization reactor, the molecular
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
10 1
10 2
10 3
10 4
P n
(n 1 /n 2 ) P
polymer data
H 2
1-butene
N 2
gasphase
composition
mole ratio
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
diluent
ethene
Da I.1
Fig. 9 Gasphase composition and polymer data as a function of the Damko ¨hler number I
(see text for details)
70
L.L. Bo ¨hm
held constant.
Modern plants are equipped with all these sensors of the required sensitivities.
Excellent process control is a key item in running a plant safely and in reaching a
high quality level for all products.
4 Process Design
To achieve highest product quality levels, especially for technical applications
combined with high flexibility in grade change and product development,
process design is the salient point. The advanced cascade process (ACP) design,
with three polymerization reactors running in series, fulfils the above-mentioned
recommendations in a perfect way. The key feature of this process design is no
catalyst change. All products can be produced with the same catalyst. This is an
outstanding advantage because catalyst development is a time-consuming process
with an uncertain issue. Running three polymerization reactors in series, and
introducing the catalyst only into the first polymerization reactor, the molecular
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
10 1
10 2
10 3
10 4
P n
(n 1 /n 2 ) P
polymer data
H 2
1-butene
N 2
gasphase
composition
mole ratio
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
diluent
ethene
Da I.1
Fig. 9 Gasphase composition and polymer data as a function of the Damko ¨hler number I
(see text for details)
70
L.L. Bo ¨hm