(b)
(c)
(d)
19.10
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
19.11
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
19.12
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
19.13
19.14
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
19.15
(a)
(b)
An ideal grid-tied inverter has its operational voltage and frequency synchronized with those of the grid.
A bimodal inverter can power backup loads even if the grid-connection is disrupted.
An ideal grid-tied inverter works as a perfect voltage source, and changes the grid voltage and
frequency to match its own.
Which of the following is not a secondary battery?
Zinc carbon battery
Lead acid battery
Nickel cadmium battery
Lithium polymer battery
The Nuon Solar Team from Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands designed a very fast car powered
by solar energy, the Nuna7. In 2013, they entered the World Solar Challenge Australia. Directly after coming
back to the Netherlands, they started looking at improving their car. For electricity storage, they needed a
solution as light as possible. Looking at the Ragone chart in Figure 19.21, which would be the preferred
technology for the batteries of the Nuna8 car?
Lead acid batteries.
Nickel or metal hydride batteries.
Lithium batteries.
Lithium-ion batteries.
Consider a lead acid battery with 100 Ah capacity and a rated voltage of 12 V.
What is the total capacity of energy in watt-hours that can be stored in the battery?
Assume that the battery is at 40% of its rated capacity. The battery is now charging at a C-rate of 2C.
What is the charging current that is going into the battery?
How much time will it take for the battery to increase the SoC from 40% to 100%, assuming a constant
C-rate of 2C? You may assume a linear rate of charging.
If the voltaic efficiency of the battery is 90%, and the coulombic efficiency of the battery is 90%, how
high is the round-trip efficiency of storage?
If the battery is charged at an average constant voltage of 13 V, and discharged at an average constant voltage
of 11.7 V, what is the voltaic efficiency of the battery?
Below, several aspects are listed that are important in PV systems.
Providing optimum charge to the batteries.
Preventing the batteries from overcharging.
Providing deep discharge protection to the batteries.
Supplying information on the state of charge (SoC) of the batteries.
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of the PV module/array.
Which of the above aspects can be performed by a modern day charge controller?
Consider four identical solar modules connected to a charge controller with two cables having specific length
and section. A current flows through the cables. The cables are 10 m in length with a cross-section of 4 mm 2 .
The cable material is copper with a conductivity of 59.6 S m mm −2 . Assume that the solar modules have a
maximum power of 100 Wp.
How much power is lost as heat in the cables?
Considering the maximum power of the solar modules, what would be the relative power lost in the
(c)
(d)
19.10
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
19.11
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
19.12
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
19.13
19.14
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
19.15
(a)
(b)
An ideal grid-tied inverter has its operational voltage and frequency synchronized with those of the grid.
A bimodal inverter can power backup loads even if the grid-connection is disrupted.
An ideal grid-tied inverter works as a perfect voltage source, and changes the grid voltage and
frequency to match its own.
Which of the following is not a secondary battery?
Zinc carbon battery
Lead acid battery
Nickel cadmium battery
Lithium polymer battery
The Nuon Solar Team from Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands designed a very fast car powered
by solar energy, the Nuna7. In 2013, they entered the World Solar Challenge Australia. Directly after coming
back to the Netherlands, they started looking at improving their car. For electricity storage, they needed a
solution as light as possible. Looking at the Ragone chart in Figure 19.21, which would be the preferred
technology for the batteries of the Nuna8 car?
Lead acid batteries.
Nickel or metal hydride batteries.
Lithium batteries.
Lithium-ion batteries.
Consider a lead acid battery with 100 Ah capacity and a rated voltage of 12 V.
What is the total capacity of energy in watt-hours that can be stored in the battery?
Assume that the battery is at 40% of its rated capacity. The battery is now charging at a C-rate of 2C.
What is the charging current that is going into the battery?
How much time will it take for the battery to increase the SoC from 40% to 100%, assuming a constant
C-rate of 2C? You may assume a linear rate of charging.
If the voltaic efficiency of the battery is 90%, and the coulombic efficiency of the battery is 90%, how
high is the round-trip efficiency of storage?
If the battery is charged at an average constant voltage of 13 V, and discharged at an average constant voltage
of 11.7 V, what is the voltaic efficiency of the battery?
Below, several aspects are listed that are important in PV systems.
Providing optimum charge to the batteries.
Preventing the batteries from overcharging.
Providing deep discharge protection to the batteries.
Supplying information on the state of charge (SoC) of the batteries.
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of the PV module/array.
Which of the above aspects can be performed by a modern day charge controller?
Consider four identical solar modules connected to a charge controller with two cables having specific length
and section. A current flows through the cables. The cables are 10 m in length with a cross-section of 4 mm 2 .
The cable material is copper with a conductivity of 59.6 S m mm −2 . Assume that the solar modules have a
maximum power of 100 Wp.
How much power is lost as heat in the cables?
Considering the maximum power of the solar modules, what would be the relative power lost in the