19.2.1
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•
•
•
•
•
detrimental to the battery lifetime as discussed in Section 19.3. Sometimes, these inverters
can also be used to charge the batteries, for example if an AC generator is connected to the
AC side of the inverter. In that case, the inverter also functions as an AC-DC converter. As
such an inverter is not connected the electricity grid, it must control the AC voltage and
frequency.
We now give a short review of different topologies often associated with PV systems.
The semiconductor switches in the following are assumed to be ideal.
System architecture
Before going into details about different converter topologies used for power conversion
in PV systems, a general overview of different system architectures will be presented. The
system architecture determines how PV modules are interconnected and how the interface
with the grid is established. Which of these system architectures will be employed in a
particular PV plant depends on many factors such as the environment of the plant (whether
the plant is situated in an urban environment or in an open area), scalability, costs, etc. In
Figure 19.6 an overview of different system architectures is given. The main advantages
and disadvantages of the different architectures are discussed below.
In general solar inverters should fulfil the following requirements [149]:
Inverters should be highly efficient because the owner of the solar system
requires the absolute maximum possible generated energy to be delivered to the
grid/load.
Special requirements regarding the potential between solar generator and Earth
(depending on the solar module type); see potential-induced degradation in
Section 19.2.4.
Special safety features like active islanding detection capability; see Section
19.2.4.
Low limits for harmonics of the line currents. This requirement is enforced by
law in most countries since the harmonic limits of both sources and loads
connected to the grid are regulated.
Special requirements on electromagnetic interference (EMI), which are regulated
by law in most countries. The goal is to minimize the unwanted influence of EMI
on other equipment in the vicinity or connected to the same supply. Think for
example of the influence of a mobile phone on an old radio.
Also the effect of electromagnetic fields to people must be taken into account;
•
•
•
•
•
•
detrimental to the battery lifetime as discussed in Section 19.3. Sometimes, these inverters
can also be used to charge the batteries, for example if an AC generator is connected to the
AC side of the inverter. In that case, the inverter also functions as an AC-DC converter. As
such an inverter is not connected the electricity grid, it must control the AC voltage and
frequency.
We now give a short review of different topologies often associated with PV systems.
The semiconductor switches in the following are assumed to be ideal.
System architecture
Before going into details about different converter topologies used for power conversion
in PV systems, a general overview of different system architectures will be presented. The
system architecture determines how PV modules are interconnected and how the interface
with the grid is established. Which of these system architectures will be employed in a
particular PV plant depends on many factors such as the environment of the plant (whether
the plant is situated in an urban environment or in an open area), scalability, costs, etc. In
Figure 19.6 an overview of different system architectures is given. The main advantages
and disadvantages of the different architectures are discussed below.
In general solar inverters should fulfil the following requirements [149]:
Inverters should be highly efficient because the owner of the solar system
requires the absolute maximum possible generated energy to be delivered to the
grid/load.
Special requirements regarding the potential between solar generator and Earth
(depending on the solar module type); see potential-induced degradation in
Section 19.2.4.
Special safety features like active islanding detection capability; see Section
19.2.4.
Low limits for harmonics of the line currents. This requirement is enforced by
law in most countries since the harmonic limits of both sources and loads
connected to the grid are regulated.
Special requirements on electromagnetic interference (EMI), which are regulated
by law in most countries. The goal is to minimize the unwanted influence of EMI
on other equipment in the vicinity or connected to the same supply. Think for
example of the influence of a mobile phone on an old radio.
Also the effect of electromagnetic fields to people must be taken into account;