67
was found effective for hepatomegaly in Niemann-Pick type C disease (Maeda et al.
2019). Cyclodextrins decorated with a photosensitizer group can be used for drug
delivery in phototherapy where the release of active ingredients is controlled by light
(Benkovics et al. 2017). Multifunctional cyclodextrin derivatives having nitric oxidereleasing moiety in addition to the photosensitizer are efficient antimicrobial and antitumor agents in photodynamic therapy (Malanga et al. 2019). Many bacteria display
mannose-binding lectins on their surfaces, and so mannosylated cyclodextrins are
target-specific antimicrobial delivery systems to be used in fighting against antimicrobial resistance (Cutrone et al. 2018).
Another direction of recent cyclodextrin research is the design and synthesis of
specific cyclodextrins tailored to the guest molecules to be entrapped. Encouraged
by the extreme success of sugammadex tailored for encapturing rocuronium muscle
relaxant, further cyclodextrin-based detoxicants were prepared: e.g., a cyclodextrin
dimer as antidote for cyanide poisoning (Yamagiwa et al. 2014), another dimer
designed for binding and removal of bisretinoid lipofuscins from the eye to prevent
aging-related blindness (Nociari et al. 2014), and specially substituted cyclodextrins
to catalyze the decomposition of organophosphorus chemical weapons getting
importance in view of increasing terrorist threat (Müller et al. 2013). Even the social
media shared the news on methyl- and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrins as possible
antidotes to box jellyfish venom (Lau et al. 2019). Similarly, quaternary amino
β-cyclodextrin was found to bind ochratoxin A, a widely spread nephrotoxic contaminant mycotoxin, with an association constant more than 200-fold higher than
that of β-cyclodextrin, making this derivative useful for decontamination of ochratoxin A-contaminated drinks (Poór et al. 2015).
Actually, fundamental research is also focusing on cyclodextrin-based nanoparticles/nanomaterials for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications and nanomedicine, e.g., molecular diagnosis, medical imaging, antifungal treatment, antimicrobial
therapy, gene therapy, or tissue engineering, and on self-association of cyclodextrins for applications not only for formulation and drug delivery, and medicine, but
also for materials science, supramolecular chemistry, and asymmetric catalysis
(Hirakawa and Tomita 2013; Morohoshi et al. 2013; Zhang and Ma 2013; Chilajwar
et al. 2014; Melotti et al. 2014; Simoes et al. 2014; Dong et al. 2015; Macaev and
Boldescu 2015; Mavridis and Yannakopoulou 2015; Miller et al. 2015; Perez-Anes
et al. 2015; Wu et al. 2015; Brackman et al. 2016; Junthip et al. 2016; Okano et al.
2016; Oliveri and Vecchio 2016; Ryzhakov et al. 2016; Sharma and Baldi 2016;
Silva et al. 2016; Yuan and Zhang 2016; Saokham and Loftsson 2017; Egele et al.
2019; Fenyvesi et al. 2019; Hammoud et al. 2019; Kumar and Rao 2019; Neva et al.
2019; Pawar and Shende 2019; Topuz and Uyar 2019; Zhang et al. 2019a).
Nanoparticles of various compositions have been engineered in ever smaller
sizes to function in both diagnostic and therapeutic capacities. They are available on
a scale similar to many biological molecules and infectious agents, thereby opening
the possibility of biological intervention on the molecular level (Gilmore and Colson
2011). Nanoparticle-based systems can improve bioavailability, reduce immunogenicity, modify drug metabolism, reduce toxicity, and increase the biological halflife of drugs after systemic administration. The use of cyclodextrin-based
1 History of Cyclodextrins
was found effective for hepatomegaly in Niemann-Pick type C disease (Maeda et al.
2019). Cyclodextrins decorated with a photosensitizer group can be used for drug
delivery in phototherapy where the release of active ingredients is controlled by light
(Benkovics et al. 2017). Multifunctional cyclodextrin derivatives having nitric oxidereleasing moiety in addition to the photosensitizer are efficient antimicrobial and antitumor agents in photodynamic therapy (Malanga et al. 2019). Many bacteria display
mannose-binding lectins on their surfaces, and so mannosylated cyclodextrins are
target-specific antimicrobial delivery systems to be used in fighting against antimicrobial resistance (Cutrone et al. 2018).
Another direction of recent cyclodextrin research is the design and synthesis of
specific cyclodextrins tailored to the guest molecules to be entrapped. Encouraged
by the extreme success of sugammadex tailored for encapturing rocuronium muscle
relaxant, further cyclodextrin-based detoxicants were prepared: e.g., a cyclodextrin
dimer as antidote for cyanide poisoning (Yamagiwa et al. 2014), another dimer
designed for binding and removal of bisretinoid lipofuscins from the eye to prevent
aging-related blindness (Nociari et al. 2014), and specially substituted cyclodextrins
to catalyze the decomposition of organophosphorus chemical weapons getting
importance in view of increasing terrorist threat (Müller et al. 2013). Even the social
media shared the news on methyl- and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrins as possible
antidotes to box jellyfish venom (Lau et al. 2019). Similarly, quaternary amino
β-cyclodextrin was found to bind ochratoxin A, a widely spread nephrotoxic contaminant mycotoxin, with an association constant more than 200-fold higher than
that of β-cyclodextrin, making this derivative useful for decontamination of ochratoxin A-contaminated drinks (Poór et al. 2015).
Actually, fundamental research is also focusing on cyclodextrin-based nanoparticles/nanomaterials for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications and nanomedicine, e.g., molecular diagnosis, medical imaging, antifungal treatment, antimicrobial
therapy, gene therapy, or tissue engineering, and on self-association of cyclodextrins for applications not only for formulation and drug delivery, and medicine, but
also for materials science, supramolecular chemistry, and asymmetric catalysis
(Hirakawa and Tomita 2013; Morohoshi et al. 2013; Zhang and Ma 2013; Chilajwar
et al. 2014; Melotti et al. 2014; Simoes et al. 2014; Dong et al. 2015; Macaev and
Boldescu 2015; Mavridis and Yannakopoulou 2015; Miller et al. 2015; Perez-Anes
et al. 2015; Wu et al. 2015; Brackman et al. 2016; Junthip et al. 2016; Okano et al.
2016; Oliveri and Vecchio 2016; Ryzhakov et al. 2016; Sharma and Baldi 2016;
Silva et al. 2016; Yuan and Zhang 2016; Saokham and Loftsson 2017; Egele et al.
2019; Fenyvesi et al. 2019; Hammoud et al. 2019; Kumar and Rao 2019; Neva et al.
2019; Pawar and Shende 2019; Topuz and Uyar 2019; Zhang et al. 2019a).
Nanoparticles of various compositions have been engineered in ever smaller
sizes to function in both diagnostic and therapeutic capacities. They are available on
a scale similar to many biological molecules and infectious agents, thereby opening
the possibility of biological intervention on the molecular level (Gilmore and Colson
2011). Nanoparticle-based systems can improve bioavailability, reduce immunogenicity, modify drug metabolism, reduce toxicity, and increase the biological halflife of drugs after systemic administration. The use of cyclodextrin-based
1 History of Cyclodextrins