100
Sensemaking in Safety Critical and Complex Situations
also known as DP system level 2. NAUT-OSV (A) denotes that the bridge has been
designed in accordance with established functional requirements and principles of
ergonomics for reduced workload and improved operational conditions in All Waters
( A), including areas with harsh operational and environmental conditions such as
the North Sea. Furthermore, the bridge arrangement provides the information and
equipment required for safe performance of the functions to be carried out at dedicated workstations and government statutory requirements. Some of these referrals
are compulsory and some are voluntary. In most cases, addressing human factors in
ship design is optional. OILREC indicates that the ship is designed for recovered oil
reception and transportation after a spill of oil in emergency situations. The first two
notations explained above ( 1A1) are compulsory while the rest are optional.
SHIP DESIGN – CLASSIFICATION SOCIETIES
Today there are approximately 50 classification societies in the world. Twelve of them
are members of the International Association of Classifications Societies ( IACS):
American Bureau of Shipping ( ABS), Bureau Veritas ( BV), China Classification Society
( CCS), Croatian Register of Shipping ( CRS), Det Norske Veritas – Germanischer Lloyd
( DNV GL), Indian Register of Shipping ( IRS), Korean Register of Shipping, Lloyd’s
Register ( LR), Nippon Kaiji Kyokai ( NK), Polish Register of Shipping ( PRS), Registro
Italiano Navale ( RINA) and Russian Maritime Register of Shipping ( RS). Ship-owners
are free to choose which classification society to be used to certify their ships.
human factorS in ShiP DeSign
In the ship design and construction textbook published by the Society of Naval
Architects and Marine Engineers ( SNAME) ( Calhoun & Stevens, 2003), human factors is defined as a comprehensive term that covers all biomedical and psychological
considerations applying to the humans in the system. Human factors is also stated to
cover human engineering and life support, personnel selection, training and training
equipment, job performance aids, and performance measures and evaluation as well.
LR ( Lloyd’s Register, 2008) describes human factors as, ‘ something that concerned with the task people do and the environment they do it in fitting the job to
the person’. Human factors considerations in marine design can be broken down into
eight dimensions ( Lloyd’s Register, 2009):
• Habitability: to ensure accommodation, washing and toilet facilities, messrooms, group meeting and exercise areas are comfortable, clean ( or cleanable) and convivial
• Maneuverability: to ensure ships have the most appropriate maneuvering
capabilities
• Workability: to ensure ships and systems are appropriate for the work situation ( context of use)
• Maintainability: to ensure operational maintenance tasks, manuals, diagnostics and schematics are rapid, safe and effective to allow equipment and
systems to achieve a specified level of performance
Sensemaking in Safety Critical and Complex Situations
also known as DP system level 2. NAUT-OSV (A) denotes that the bridge has been
designed in accordance with established functional requirements and principles of
ergonomics for reduced workload and improved operational conditions in All Waters
( A), including areas with harsh operational and environmental conditions such as
the North Sea. Furthermore, the bridge arrangement provides the information and
equipment required for safe performance of the functions to be carried out at dedicated workstations and government statutory requirements. Some of these referrals
are compulsory and some are voluntary. In most cases, addressing human factors in
ship design is optional. OILREC indicates that the ship is designed for recovered oil
reception and transportation after a spill of oil in emergency situations. The first two
notations explained above ( 1A1) are compulsory while the rest are optional.
SHIP DESIGN – CLASSIFICATION SOCIETIES
Today there are approximately 50 classification societies in the world. Twelve of them
are members of the International Association of Classifications Societies ( IACS):
American Bureau of Shipping ( ABS), Bureau Veritas ( BV), China Classification Society
( CCS), Croatian Register of Shipping ( CRS), Det Norske Veritas – Germanischer Lloyd
( DNV GL), Indian Register of Shipping ( IRS), Korean Register of Shipping, Lloyd’s
Register ( LR), Nippon Kaiji Kyokai ( NK), Polish Register of Shipping ( PRS), Registro
Italiano Navale ( RINA) and Russian Maritime Register of Shipping ( RS). Ship-owners
are free to choose which classification society to be used to certify their ships.
human factorS in ShiP DeSign
In the ship design and construction textbook published by the Society of Naval
Architects and Marine Engineers ( SNAME) ( Calhoun & Stevens, 2003), human factors is defined as a comprehensive term that covers all biomedical and psychological
considerations applying to the humans in the system. Human factors is also stated to
cover human engineering and life support, personnel selection, training and training
equipment, job performance aids, and performance measures and evaluation as well.
LR ( Lloyd’s Register, 2008) describes human factors as, ‘ something that concerned with the task people do and the environment they do it in fitting the job to
the person’. Human factors considerations in marine design can be broken down into
eight dimensions ( Lloyd’s Register, 2009):
• Habitability: to ensure accommodation, washing and toilet facilities, messrooms, group meeting and exercise areas are comfortable, clean ( or cleanable) and convivial
• Maneuverability: to ensure ships have the most appropriate maneuvering
capabilities
• Workability: to ensure ships and systems are appropriate for the work situation ( context of use)
• Maintainability: to ensure operational maintenance tasks, manuals, diagnostics and schematics are rapid, safe and effective to allow equipment and
systems to achieve a specified level of performance