101
Addressing Human Factors in Ship Design
• Controllability: to ensure appropriate integration of people with equipment,
systems and interfaces
• Survivability: to ensure that there are adequate firefighting, damage control,
lifesaving and security facilities to ensure the safety and security of crew,
visitors and passengers
• Occupational health and safety ( OHS): to ensure appropriate consideration
of the effect of work, the working environment and living conditions on the
health, safety and well-being of workers
• System safety: to ensure appropriate consideration of the risks from people
using ( or misusing) ship systems.
The IMO uses the term “ human element” ( International Maritime Organization,
2004) which is defined as follows:
The human element is a complex multi-dimensional issue that affects maritime safety,
security and marine environmental protection. It involves the entire spectrum of human
activities performed by ships’ crews, shore-based management, regulatory bodies, recognized organizations, shipyards, legislators, and other relevant parties, all of whom
need to co-operate to address human element issues effectively.
ruleS anD requirementS relateD to human factorS
There are abundant documents published by Classification Societies that cover
human factors-related issues ( Rumawas & Asbjørnslett, 2010a, 2014a). Table 7.1
shows a list of rules, guides and notes published by ABS. ABS is a Classification
Society that consistently show great interest in the issue of human factors.
IMO codes related to human factors are:
• Code on Alerts and Indicators, 2009
• FSS Code – Fire Safety System
• LSA Code – International Life-Saving Appliance Code
• Noise Levels – Code on Noise Levels on Board Ships
In Table 7.2, examples of other IMO publications that are relevant to human factors
in ship design are listed.
Thorough investigations ( Rumawas & Asbjørnslett, 2010a, 2014a) showed that
there are many documents covering human factors issues in ship design. As an example, all human factors dimensions as LR describes are included. They are published
with different degrees of enforcement: some are prescriptive and some are obligatory. However, in general, addressing human factors principles in ship design is still
optional, unless those related to safety.
System safety is the most frequently mentioned while habitability or comfort is
the most extensively covered. Controllability such as design of alarms and workstations ( human–machine interfaces, HMI) is improving, while maintainability is the
least addressed. A question exists if there are adequate cognitive standards related
to controllability and system safety that help the users to understand new technology
through digitalization, supporting adequate HMI.
Addressing Human Factors in Ship Design
• Controllability: to ensure appropriate integration of people with equipment,
systems and interfaces
• Survivability: to ensure that there are adequate firefighting, damage control,
lifesaving and security facilities to ensure the safety and security of crew,
visitors and passengers
• Occupational health and safety ( OHS): to ensure appropriate consideration
of the effect of work, the working environment and living conditions on the
health, safety and well-being of workers
• System safety: to ensure appropriate consideration of the risks from people
using ( or misusing) ship systems.
The IMO uses the term “ human element” ( International Maritime Organization,
2004) which is defined as follows:
The human element is a complex multi-dimensional issue that affects maritime safety,
security and marine environmental protection. It involves the entire spectrum of human
activities performed by ships’ crews, shore-based management, regulatory bodies, recognized organizations, shipyards, legislators, and other relevant parties, all of whom
need to co-operate to address human element issues effectively.
ruleS anD requirementS relateD to human factorS
There are abundant documents published by Classification Societies that cover
human factors-related issues ( Rumawas & Asbjørnslett, 2010a, 2014a). Table 7.1
shows a list of rules, guides and notes published by ABS. ABS is a Classification
Society that consistently show great interest in the issue of human factors.
IMO codes related to human factors are:
• Code on Alerts and Indicators, 2009
• FSS Code – Fire Safety System
• LSA Code – International Life-Saving Appliance Code
• Noise Levels – Code on Noise Levels on Board Ships
In Table 7.2, examples of other IMO publications that are relevant to human factors
in ship design are listed.
Thorough investigations ( Rumawas & Asbjørnslett, 2010a, 2014a) showed that
there are many documents covering human factors issues in ship design. As an example, all human factors dimensions as LR describes are included. They are published
with different degrees of enforcement: some are prescriptive and some are obligatory. However, in general, addressing human factors principles in ship design is still
optional, unless those related to safety.
System safety is the most frequently mentioned while habitability or comfort is
the most extensively covered. Controllability such as design of alarms and workstations ( human–machine interfaces, HMI) is improving, while maintainability is the
least addressed. A question exists if there are adequate cognitive standards related
to controllability and system safety that help the users to understand new technology
through digitalization, supporting adequate HMI.