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Addressing Human Factors in Ship Design
• SOLAS – International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
• STCW – International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification
and Watchkeeping for Seafarers
SHIP DESIGN
Ship design is a complex and multifaceted process, influenced by conventions
( regulations), requirements and several actors. A successfully designed ship is the
result of close and good cooperation between the designer, the customer, the yard
and the equipment suppliers ( Vossen, Kleppe, & Hjørungnes, 2013). The process of
designing a ship is often represented by a spiral diagram which denotes the sequential and iterative aspects of the process that include: conceptual design, preliminary
design, contract design and detailed design ( Gale, 2003).
The design process consists of developing requirements, conducting analyses, developing drawings, building electronic models and writing specifications ( Ross, 2009).
Traditionally, users’ involvement was rather limited in the process of designing
a ship. Often the seafarers inherited poor design that they under any circumstances
ever been consulted about.
SHIP DESIGN – EXAMPLES OF REQUIREMENTS,
CRITERIA AND CLASS NOTATIONS
Ships are designed and constructed according to certain criteria. There are three
different sources from which these criteria can be obtained and applied as the
acceptability of a vessel: classification society rules, regulatory requirements and
ship-owner’s requirements ( Ashe & Lantz, 2003).
A key actor is the classification society. A classification society is an organization
that establishes and applies technical standards in relation to the design, construction and survey of marine-related facilities including ships and offshore structures
( IACS, 2004). A vessel that was designed and built according to a set of rules published by a classification society may apply for a Certificate of Classification. Before
the certificate is issued, the classification society will perform a survey on the ship
to ensure that the rules are followed. Usually s hip-owners will pick a collection of
class notations when ordering for new ships: for example, 1A1, Supply Vessel,
COMF-V( 3), Clean, E0, DYNPOS-AUTR, NAUT OSV ( A) and OILREC (Det
Norske Veritas, 2009a). The construction symbol is assigned to a ship built under
the supervision of the society. 1A1 is assigned to a ship with hull, machinery, systems
and equipment that are in compliance with the standards. Supply Vessel notation
refers to a ship designed especially for supply services to offshore installations in
the North Sea. COMF-V(3) refers to a ship that is designed and built with comfort
class, covering requirements for noise and vibration at the most basic level. Clean
notation indicates that the ship is designed with specific requirements for controlling
and limiting operational emissions and discharges. E0 implies that the instrumentation and automation installed to allow for unattended machinery space. DYNPOSAUTR shows that the ship is equipped with a dynamic positioning ( DP) system with
redundancy in technical design and with an independent joystick system back up,
Addressing Human Factors in Ship Design
• SOLAS – International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
• STCW – International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification
and Watchkeeping for Seafarers
SHIP DESIGN
Ship design is a complex and multifaceted process, influenced by conventions
( regulations), requirements and several actors. A successfully designed ship is the
result of close and good cooperation between the designer, the customer, the yard
and the equipment suppliers ( Vossen, Kleppe, & Hjørungnes, 2013). The process of
designing a ship is often represented by a spiral diagram which denotes the sequential and iterative aspects of the process that include: conceptual design, preliminary
design, contract design and detailed design ( Gale, 2003).
The design process consists of developing requirements, conducting analyses, developing drawings, building electronic models and writing specifications ( Ross, 2009).
Traditionally, users’ involvement was rather limited in the process of designing
a ship. Often the seafarers inherited poor design that they under any circumstances
ever been consulted about.
SHIP DESIGN – EXAMPLES OF REQUIREMENTS,
CRITERIA AND CLASS NOTATIONS
Ships are designed and constructed according to certain criteria. There are three
different sources from which these criteria can be obtained and applied as the
acceptability of a vessel: classification society rules, regulatory requirements and
ship-owner’s requirements ( Ashe & Lantz, 2003).
A key actor is the classification society. A classification society is an organization
that establishes and applies technical standards in relation to the design, construction and survey of marine-related facilities including ships and offshore structures
( IACS, 2004). A vessel that was designed and built according to a set of rules published by a classification society may apply for a Certificate of Classification. Before
the certificate is issued, the classification society will perform a survey on the ship
to ensure that the rules are followed. Usually s hip-owners will pick a collection of
class notations when ordering for new ships: for example, 1A1, Supply Vessel,
COMF-V( 3), Clean, E0, DYNPOS-AUTR, NAUT OSV ( A) and OILREC (Det
Norske Veritas, 2009a). The construction symbol is assigned to a ship built under
the supervision of the society. 1A1 is assigned to a ship with hull, machinery, systems
and equipment that are in compliance with the standards. Supply Vessel notation
refers to a ship designed especially for supply services to offshore installations in
the North Sea. COMF-V(3) refers to a ship that is designed and built with comfort
class, covering requirements for noise and vibration at the most basic level. Clean
notation indicates that the ship is designed with specific requirements for controlling
and limiting operational emissions and discharges. E0 implies that the instrumentation and automation installed to allow for unattended machinery space. DYNPOSAUTR shows that the ship is equipped with a dynamic positioning ( DP) system with
redundancy in technical design and with an independent joystick system back up,