vi
Contents
2.2.4 Density ............................................................................................... 36
2.2.5 API Gravity ....................................................................................... 37
2.2.6 Viscosity ............................................................................................ 38
2.2.7 Carbon Distribution ........................................................................... 38
2.2.8 Viscosity-Gravity Constant ............................................................... 38
2.2.9 UOP Characterization Factor ............................................................ 39
2.2.10 Recovery Method .............................................................................. 39
2.2.11 Pour Point ..........................................................................................40
2.3 Miscellaneous Systems .................................................................................... 41
2.4 Reservoir Classification ................................................................................... 42
2.4.1 Identification and Quantification ....................................................... 42
2.4.2 Future .................................................................................................44
References ..................................................................................................................44
Chapter 3 Origin and Occurrence ............................................................................................... 47
3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 47
3.2 Origin .............................................................................................................. 47
3.2.1 Abiogenic Origin ............................................................................... 48
3.2.2 Biogenic Origin ................................................................................. 49
3.2.2.1 Deposition of Organic Matter ............................................ 51
3.2.2.2 Establishment of Source Beds ........................................... 51
3.2.2.3 Nature of the Source Material ........................................... 53
3.2.2.4 Transformation of Organic Matter into Petroleum ............ 55
3.2.2.5 Accumulation in Reservoir Sediments .............................. 57
3.2.2.6 In Situ Transformation of Petroleum ................................. 61
3.2.3 Differences between Abiogenic Theory and Biogenic Theory .........64
3.2.4 Relationship of Petroleum Composition and Properties.................... 65
3.3 Occurrence ...................................................................................................... 67
3.3.1 Reserves ............................................................................................. 67
3.3.2 Conventional Petroleum .................................................................... 70
3.3.3 Natural Gas ........................................................................................ 71
3.3.4 Heavy Oil........................................................................................... 72
3.3.5 Bitumen ............................................................................................. 73
References .................................................................................................................. 75
Chapter 4 Reservoirs and Reservoir Fluids ................................................................................ 79
4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 79
4.2 Reservoirs ........................................................................................................ 79
4.2.1 Structural Types ................................................................................80
4.2.2 Heterogeneity ..................................................................................... 81
4.3 Classes of Fluids .............................................................................................. 82
4.4 Evaluation of Reservoir Fluids ........................................................................ 83
4.4.1 Sampling Methods .............................................................................84
4.4.2 Data Acquisition and QA/QC ............................................................ 85
4.5 Physical Composition and Molecular Weight ................................................. 87
4.5.1 Asphaltene Separation ....................................................................... 87
4.5.2 Fractionation ...................................................................................... 89
4.5.3 Molecular Weight .............................................................................. 91
4.6 Reservoir Evaluation ....................................................................................... 95
References ..................................................................................................................96
Contents
2.2.4 Density ............................................................................................... 36
2.2.5 API Gravity ....................................................................................... 37
2.2.6 Viscosity ............................................................................................ 38
2.2.7 Carbon Distribution ........................................................................... 38
2.2.8 Viscosity-Gravity Constant ............................................................... 38
2.2.9 UOP Characterization Factor ............................................................ 39
2.2.10 Recovery Method .............................................................................. 39
2.2.11 Pour Point ..........................................................................................40
2.3 Miscellaneous Systems .................................................................................... 41
2.4 Reservoir Classification ................................................................................... 42
2.4.1 Identification and Quantification ....................................................... 42
2.4.2 Future .................................................................................................44
References ..................................................................................................................44
Chapter 3 Origin and Occurrence ............................................................................................... 47
3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 47
3.2 Origin .............................................................................................................. 47
3.2.1 Abiogenic Origin ............................................................................... 48
3.2.2 Biogenic Origin ................................................................................. 49
3.2.2.1 Deposition of Organic Matter ............................................ 51
3.2.2.2 Establishment of Source Beds ........................................... 51
3.2.2.3 Nature of the Source Material ........................................... 53
3.2.2.4 Transformation of Organic Matter into Petroleum ............ 55
3.2.2.5 Accumulation in Reservoir Sediments .............................. 57
3.2.2.6 In Situ Transformation of Petroleum ................................. 61
3.2.3 Differences between Abiogenic Theory and Biogenic Theory .........64
3.2.4 Relationship of Petroleum Composition and Properties.................... 65
3.3 Occurrence ...................................................................................................... 67
3.3.1 Reserves ............................................................................................. 67
3.3.2 Conventional Petroleum .................................................................... 70
3.3.3 Natural Gas ........................................................................................ 71
3.3.4 Heavy Oil........................................................................................... 72
3.3.5 Bitumen ............................................................................................. 73
References .................................................................................................................. 75
Chapter 4 Reservoirs and Reservoir Fluids ................................................................................ 79
4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 79
4.2 Reservoirs ........................................................................................................ 79
4.2.1 Structural Types ................................................................................80
4.2.2 Heterogeneity ..................................................................................... 81
4.3 Classes of Fluids .............................................................................................. 82
4.4 Evaluation of Reservoir Fluids ........................................................................ 83
4.4.1 Sampling Methods .............................................................................84
4.4.2 Data Acquisition and QA/QC ............................................................ 85
4.5 Physical Composition and Molecular Weight ................................................. 87
4.5.1 Asphaltene Separation ....................................................................... 87
4.5.2 Fractionation ...................................................................................... 89
4.5.3 Molecular Weight .............................................................................. 91
4.6 Reservoir Evaluation ....................................................................................... 95
References ..................................................................................................................96