v
Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................................... xxiii
Author ............................................................................................................................................xxv
Section i History, occurrence, and Recovery
Chapter 1 History and Terminology ............................................................................................. 3
1.1 Historical Perspectives ......................................................................................3
1.2 Modern Perspectives ......................................................................................... 9
1.3 Definitions and Terminology ........................................................................... 12
1.4 Native Materials .............................................................................................. 14
1.4.1 Petroleum............................................................................................ 14
1.4.2 Opportunity Crudes and High-Acid Crudes ...................................... 15
1.4.3 Heavy Oil ........................................................................................... 16
1.4.4 Foamy Oil ........................................................................................... 16
1.4.5 Extra Heavy Oil .................................................................................. 17
1.4.6 Bitumen .............................................................................................. 17
1.4.7 Wax ..................................................................................................... 18
1.4.8 Asphaltite and Asphaltoid .................................................................. 18
1.4.9 Bituminous Rock and Bituminous Sand ............................................ 19
1.4.10 Kerogen ..............................................................................................20
1.4.11 Natural Gas ........................................................................................20
1.5 Manufactured Materials .................................................................................. 22
1.5.1 Wax ..................................................................................................... 22
1.5.2 Resid ................................................................................................... 22
1.5.3 Asphalt ............................................................................................... 23
1.5.4 Tar and Pitch ...................................................................................... 23
1.5.5 Coke ....................................................................................................24
1.5.6 Synthetic Crude Oil ............................................................................24
1.6 Derived Materials ............................................................................................24
1.6.1 Asphaltenes, Carbenes, and Carboids ................................................24
1.6.2 Resins and Oils ...................................................................................25
1.7 Oil Prices .........................................................................................................26
1.7.1 Pricing Strategies ...............................................................................26
1.7.2 Oil Price History ................................................................................ 27
1.7.3 Future of Oil .......................................................................................28
1.7.4 Epilogue..............................................................................................28
References ..................................................................................................................28
Chapter 2 Classification .............................................................................................................. 31
2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 31
2.2 Classification Systems ..................................................................................... 32
2.2.1 Classification as a Hydrocarbon Resource ......................................... 32
2.2.2 Classification by Chemical Composition ...........................................34
2.2.3 Correlation Index ................................................................................ 35
Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................................... xxiii
Author ............................................................................................................................................xxv
Section i History, occurrence, and Recovery
Chapter 1 History and Terminology ............................................................................................. 3
1.1 Historical Perspectives ......................................................................................3
1.2 Modern Perspectives ......................................................................................... 9
1.3 Definitions and Terminology ........................................................................... 12
1.4 Native Materials .............................................................................................. 14
1.4.1 Petroleum............................................................................................ 14
1.4.2 Opportunity Crudes and High-Acid Crudes ...................................... 15
1.4.3 Heavy Oil ........................................................................................... 16
1.4.4 Foamy Oil ........................................................................................... 16
1.4.5 Extra Heavy Oil .................................................................................. 17
1.4.6 Bitumen .............................................................................................. 17
1.4.7 Wax ..................................................................................................... 18
1.4.8 Asphaltite and Asphaltoid .................................................................. 18
1.4.9 Bituminous Rock and Bituminous Sand ............................................ 19
1.4.10 Kerogen ..............................................................................................20
1.4.11 Natural Gas ........................................................................................20
1.5 Manufactured Materials .................................................................................. 22
1.5.1 Wax ..................................................................................................... 22
1.5.2 Resid ................................................................................................... 22
1.5.3 Asphalt ............................................................................................... 23
1.5.4 Tar and Pitch ...................................................................................... 23
1.5.5 Coke ....................................................................................................24
1.5.6 Synthetic Crude Oil ............................................................................24
1.6 Derived Materials ............................................................................................24
1.6.1 Asphaltenes, Carbenes, and Carboids ................................................24
1.6.2 Resins and Oils ...................................................................................25
1.7 Oil Prices .........................................................................................................26
1.7.1 Pricing Strategies ...............................................................................26
1.7.2 Oil Price History ................................................................................ 27
1.7.3 Future of Oil .......................................................................................28
1.7.4 Epilogue..............................................................................................28
References ..................................................................................................................28
Chapter 2 Classification .............................................................................................................. 31
2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 31
2.2 Classification Systems ..................................................................................... 32
2.2.1 Classification as a Hydrocarbon Resource ......................................... 32
2.2.2 Classification by Chemical Composition ...........................................34
2.2.3 Correlation Index ................................................................................ 35