xx
Contents
26.10 Wax ................................................................................................................ 754
26.10.1 Composition .................................................................................... 755
26.10.2 Manufacture .................................................................................... 755
26.10.3 Properties and Uses ......................................................................... 756
26.11 Asphalt ........................................................................................................... 757
26.11.1 Composition .................................................................................... 757
26.11.2 Manufacture .................................................................................... 759
26.11.3 Properties and Uses ......................................................................... 761
26.11.3.1 Road Asphalt .................................................................. 762
26.11.3.2 Cutback Asphalt ............................................................. 762
26.11.3.3 Asphalt Emulsion ........................................................... 763
26.11.3.4 Cold Mix Asphalt ........................................................... 763
26.11.3.5 Asphalt Aging ................................................................. 766
26.12 Coke ............................................................................................................... 766
26.13 Sulfonic Acids ............................................................................................... 767
26.14 Acid Sludge .................................................................................................... 768
26.15 Product Blending ........................................................................................... 768
References ................................................................................................................ 769
Chapter 27 Petrochemicals ......................................................................................................... 773
27.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 773
27.2 Chemicals from Paraffins .............................................................................. 781
27.2.1 Halogenation ................................................................................... 781
27.2.2 Nitration .......................................................................................... 782
27.2.3 Oxidation ......................................................................................... 783
27.2.4 Alkylation........................................................................................ 784
27.2.5 Thermolysis ..................................................................................... 784
27.3 Chemicals from Olefins ................................................................................. 785
27.3.1 Hydroxylation .................................................................................. 786
27.3.2 Halogenation ................................................................................... 787
27.3.3 Polymerization ................................................................................ 788
27.3.4 Oxidation ......................................................................................... 788
27.3.5 Miscellaneous ................................................................................. 789
27.4 Chemicals from Aromatics ........................................................................... 789
27.5 Chemicals from Acetylene ............................................................................ 791
27.6 Chemicals from Natural Gas ......................................................................... 791
27.7 Inorganic Petrochemicals .............................................................................. 792
27.8 Synthesis Gas ................................................................................................. 793
References ................................................................................................................ 795
Section iV environmental issues
Chapter 28 Refinery Wastes ........................................................................................................ 799
28.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 799
28.2 Process Wastes ..............................................................................................802
28.2.1 Desalting ......................................................................................... 803
28.2.2 Distillation .......................................................................................804
28.2.3 Thermal Cracking ...........................................................................807
Contents
26.10 Wax ................................................................................................................ 754
26.10.1 Composition .................................................................................... 755
26.10.2 Manufacture .................................................................................... 755
26.10.3 Properties and Uses ......................................................................... 756
26.11 Asphalt ........................................................................................................... 757
26.11.1 Composition .................................................................................... 757
26.11.2 Manufacture .................................................................................... 759
26.11.3 Properties and Uses ......................................................................... 761
26.11.3.1 Road Asphalt .................................................................. 762
26.11.3.2 Cutback Asphalt ............................................................. 762
26.11.3.3 Asphalt Emulsion ........................................................... 763
26.11.3.4 Cold Mix Asphalt ........................................................... 763
26.11.3.5 Asphalt Aging ................................................................. 766
26.12 Coke ............................................................................................................... 766
26.13 Sulfonic Acids ............................................................................................... 767
26.14 Acid Sludge .................................................................................................... 768
26.15 Product Blending ........................................................................................... 768
References ................................................................................................................ 769
Chapter 27 Petrochemicals ......................................................................................................... 773
27.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 773
27.2 Chemicals from Paraffins .............................................................................. 781
27.2.1 Halogenation ................................................................................... 781
27.2.2 Nitration .......................................................................................... 782
27.2.3 Oxidation ......................................................................................... 783
27.2.4 Alkylation........................................................................................ 784
27.2.5 Thermolysis ..................................................................................... 784
27.3 Chemicals from Olefins ................................................................................. 785
27.3.1 Hydroxylation .................................................................................. 786
27.3.2 Halogenation ................................................................................... 787
27.3.3 Polymerization ................................................................................ 788
27.3.4 Oxidation ......................................................................................... 788
27.3.5 Miscellaneous ................................................................................. 789
27.4 Chemicals from Aromatics ........................................................................... 789
27.5 Chemicals from Acetylene ............................................................................ 791
27.6 Chemicals from Natural Gas ......................................................................... 791
27.7 Inorganic Petrochemicals .............................................................................. 792
27.8 Synthesis Gas ................................................................................................. 793
References ................................................................................................................ 795
Section iV environmental issues
Chapter 28 Refinery Wastes ........................................................................................................ 799
28.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 799
28.2 Process Wastes ..............................................................................................802
28.2.1 Desalting ......................................................................................... 803
28.2.2 Distillation .......................................................................................804
28.2.3 Thermal Cracking ...........................................................................807