xxi
Contents
28.2.4 Coking Processes ............................................................................808
28.2.5 Fluid Catalytic Cracking ................................................................. 810
28.2.6 Hydrocracking and Hydrotreating .................................................. 811
28.2.7 Catalytic Reforming ........................................................................ 813
28.2.8 Alkylation........................................................................................ 814
28.2.9 Isomerization ................................................................................... 817
28.2.10 Polymerization ................................................................................ 818
28.2.11 Deasphalting ................................................................................... 818
28.2.12 Dewaxing ........................................................................................ 819
28.2.13 Gas Processing ................................................................................ 820
28.3 Types of Waste ............................................................................................... 820
28.3.1 Gases and Lower Boiling Constituents ........................................... 822
28.3.2 Higher Boiling Constituents............................................................824
28.3.3 Wastewater ...................................................................................... 825
28.3.4 Spent Caustic ................................................................................... 826
28.3.5 Solid Waste ...................................................................................... 827
28.4 Waste Toxicity ............................................................................................... 827
28.5 Refinery Outlook ........................................................................................... 828
28.5.1 Hazardous Waste Regulations ......................................................... 828
28.5.2 Regulatory Background .................................................................. 828
28.5.3 Requirements .................................................................................. 828
28.6 Management of Refinery Waste .................................................................... 829
References ................................................................................................................ 830
Chapter 29 Environmental Aspects of Refining ......................................................................... 831
29.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 831
29.2 Definitions ..................................................................................................... 833
29.3 Environmental Regulations ........................................................................... 835
29.3.1 Clean Air Act Amendments ............................................................ 835
29.3.2 Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Act) .............................. 835
29.3.3 Safe Drinking Water Act ................................................................. 836
29.3.4 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ...................................... 836
29.3.5 Toxic Substances Control Act ......................................................... 837
29.3.6 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act ............................................................................. 837
29.3.7 Occupational Safety and Health Act ............................................... 838
29.3.8 Oil Pollution Act ............................................................................. 838
29.3.9 Hazardous Materials Transportation Act ........................................ 839
29.4 Process Analysis ............................................................................................ 839
29.4.1 Gaseous Emissions .......................................................................... 841
29.4.2 Liquid Effluents ............................................................................... 845
29.4.3 Solid Effluents .................................................................................846
29.5 Epilogue ......................................................................................................... 847
References ................................................................................................................ 847
Chapter 30 Environmental Analysis ........................................................................................... 849
30.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 849
30.2 Petroleum and Petroleum Products ............................................................... 850
30.3 Leachability and Toxicity .............................................................................. 852