xvii
Contents
23.5.9 Synthesis Gas Generation ..............................................................644
23.5.10 Texaco Gasification (Partial Oxidation) Process ........................... 645
23.5.11 Recovery from Fuel Gas ................................................................646
23.6 Catalysts ........................................................................................................646
23.6.1 Reforming Catalysts ......................................................................646
23.6.2 Shift Conversion Catalysts ............................................................ 647
23.6.3 Methanation Catalysts ...................................................................648
23.7 Hydrogen Purification ...................................................................................648
23.7.1 Wet Scrubbing ...............................................................................649
23.7.2 Pressure Swing Adsorption Units .................................................. 649
23.7.3 Membrane Systems........................................................................ 651
23.7.4 Cryogenic Separation .................................................................... 651
23.8 Hydrogen Management.................................................................................. 651
References ................................................................................................................ 652
Chapter 24 Product Improvement and Treating .......................................................................... 655
24.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 655
24.2 Reforming ...................................................................................................... 656
24.2.1 Thermal Reforming ....................................................................... 658
24.2.2 Catalytic Reforming ...................................................................... 659
24.2.2.1 Fixed-Bed Processes ...................................................... 661
24.2.2.2 Moving-Bed Processes ................................................... 665
24.2.3 Fluid-Bed Processes ...................................................................... 665
24.3 Isomerization .................................................................................................666
24.3.1 Butamer Process ............................................................................ 667
24.3.2 Butomerate Process .......................................................................668
24.3.3 Hysomer Process ...........................................................................668
24.3.4 Iso-Kel Process .............................................................................. 669
24.3.5 Isomate Process ............................................................................. 669
24.3.6 Isomerate Process .......................................................................... 669
24.3.7 Penex Process ................................................................................ 669
24.3.8 Pentafining Process ....................................................................... 669
24.4 Hydroisomerization ....................................................................................... 670
24.5 Alkylation ...................................................................................................... 671
24.5.1 Cascade Sulfuric Acid Alkylation ................................................. 672
24.5.2 Hydrogen Fluoride Alkylation....................................................... 673
24.6 Polymerization ............................................................................................... 673
24.6.1 Thermal Polymerization ................................................................ 674
24.6.2 Solid Phosphoric Acid Condensation ............................................ 674
24.6.3 Bulk Acid Polymerization ............................................................. 675
24.7 Catalysts ........................................................................................................ 676
24.7.1 Reforming Processes ..................................................................... 676
24.7.2 Isomerization Processes ................................................................ 677
24.7.3 Alkylation Processes ..................................................................... 677
24.7.4 Polymerization Processes .............................................................. 678
24.8 Treating Processes ......................................................................................... 678
24.8.1 Caustic Processes .......................................................................... 678
24.8.1.1 Dualayer Distillate Process ............................................ 679
24.8.1.2 Dualayer Gasoline Process ............................................ 679
24.8.1.3 Electrolytic Mercaptan Process ..................................... 679
Contents
23.5.9 Synthesis Gas Generation ..............................................................644
23.5.10 Texaco Gasification (Partial Oxidation) Process ........................... 645
23.5.11 Recovery from Fuel Gas ................................................................646
23.6 Catalysts ........................................................................................................646
23.6.1 Reforming Catalysts ......................................................................646
23.6.2 Shift Conversion Catalysts ............................................................ 647
23.6.3 Methanation Catalysts ...................................................................648
23.7 Hydrogen Purification ...................................................................................648
23.7.1 Wet Scrubbing ...............................................................................649
23.7.2 Pressure Swing Adsorption Units .................................................. 649
23.7.3 Membrane Systems........................................................................ 651
23.7.4 Cryogenic Separation .................................................................... 651
23.8 Hydrogen Management.................................................................................. 651
References ................................................................................................................ 652
Chapter 24 Product Improvement and Treating .......................................................................... 655
24.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 655
24.2 Reforming ...................................................................................................... 656
24.2.1 Thermal Reforming ....................................................................... 658
24.2.2 Catalytic Reforming ...................................................................... 659
24.2.2.1 Fixed-Bed Processes ...................................................... 661
24.2.2.2 Moving-Bed Processes ................................................... 665
24.2.3 Fluid-Bed Processes ...................................................................... 665
24.3 Isomerization .................................................................................................666
24.3.1 Butamer Process ............................................................................ 667
24.3.2 Butomerate Process .......................................................................668
24.3.3 Hysomer Process ...........................................................................668
24.3.4 Iso-Kel Process .............................................................................. 669
24.3.5 Isomate Process ............................................................................. 669
24.3.6 Isomerate Process .......................................................................... 669
24.3.7 Penex Process ................................................................................ 669
24.3.8 Pentafining Process ....................................................................... 669
24.4 Hydroisomerization ....................................................................................... 670
24.5 Alkylation ...................................................................................................... 671
24.5.1 Cascade Sulfuric Acid Alkylation ................................................. 672
24.5.2 Hydrogen Fluoride Alkylation....................................................... 673
24.6 Polymerization ............................................................................................... 673
24.6.1 Thermal Polymerization ................................................................ 674
24.6.2 Solid Phosphoric Acid Condensation ............................................ 674
24.6.3 Bulk Acid Polymerization ............................................................. 675
24.7 Catalysts ........................................................................................................ 676
24.7.1 Reforming Processes ..................................................................... 676
24.7.2 Isomerization Processes ................................................................ 677
24.7.3 Alkylation Processes ..................................................................... 677
24.7.4 Polymerization Processes .............................................................. 678
24.8 Treating Processes ......................................................................................... 678
24.8.1 Caustic Processes .......................................................................... 678
24.8.1.1 Dualayer Distillate Process ............................................ 679
24.8.1.2 Dualayer Gasoline Process ............................................ 679
24.8.1.3 Electrolytic Mercaptan Process ..................................... 679