xvi
Contents
21.6 Biodesulfurization ......................................................................................... 585
21.7 Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Polishing ............................................................... 586
References ................................................................................................................ 588
Chapter 22 Hydrocracking .......................................................................................................... 591
22.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 591
22.2 Commercial Processes .................................................................................. 597
22.2.1 Process Design ................................................................................. 598
22.3 Options for Heavy Feedstocks ....................................................................... 601
22.3.1 Asphaltenic Bottom Cracking Process ..........................................602
22.3.2 CANMET Process .........................................................................603
22.3.3 Eni Slurry Technology Process .....................................................604
22.3.4 (HC)3 Process ................................................................................604
22.3.5 H-Oil Process ................................................................................605
22.3.6 Hydrovisbreaking Process .............................................................606
22.3.7 Hyvahl F Process ...........................................................................607
22.3.8 IFP Hydrocracking Process ...........................................................608
22.3.9 Isocracking Process .......................................................................608
22.3.10 LC-Fining Process .........................................................................609
22.3.11 MAKfining Process ....................................................................... 611
22.3.12 Microcat-RC Process ..................................................................... 612
22.3.13 Mild Hydrocracking Process ......................................................... 613
22.3.14 MRH Process ................................................................................ 614
22.3.15 RCD Unibon Process ..................................................................... 615
22.3.16 Residfining Process ....................................................................... 615
22.3.17 Residue Hydroconversion Process ................................................. 616
22.3.18 Tervahl-H Process ......................................................................... 616
22.3.19 T-Star Process ................................................................................ 617
22.3.20 Unicracking Process ...................................................................... 617
22.3.21 Uniflex Process .............................................................................. 619
22.3.22 Veba Combi Cracking Process ...................................................... 620
22.4 Catalysts ........................................................................................................ 621
References ................................................................................................................ 627
Chapter 23 Hydrogen Production ................................................................................................ 631
23.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 631
23.2 Processes Requiring Hydrogen ..................................................................... 634
23.2.1 Hydrotreating ................................................................................. 634
23.2.2 Hydrocracking ............................................................................... 635
23.3 Feedstocks ..................................................................................................... 636
23.4 Process Chemistry ......................................................................................... 636
23.5 Commercial Processes .................................................................................. 638
23.5.1 Heavy Residue Gasification and Combined Cycle Power
Generation ..................................................................................... 639
23.5.2 Hybrid Gasification Process ..........................................................640
23.5.3 Hydrocarbon Gasification ..............................................................640
23.5.4 Hypro Process ................................................................................640
23.5.5 Pyrolysis Processes ........................................................................ 641
23.5.6 Shell Gasification Process ............................................................. 642
23.5.7 Steam–Methane Reforming .......................................................... 642
23.5.8 Steam–Naphtha Reforming ...........................................................644