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Contents
19.6 Process Parameters ........................................................................................ 530
19.6.1 Reactor.............................................................................................. 531
19.6.2 Coking .............................................................................................. 532
19.6.3 Catalyst Variables ............................................................................. 534
19.6.4 Process Variables ............................................................................. 535
19.6.5 Additives ........................................................................................... 535
References ................................................................................................................ 536
Chapter 20 Solvent Processes ..................................................................................................... 539
20.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 539
20.2 Commercial Processes .................................................................................. 539
20.2.1 Deasphalting Process .......................................................................540
20.2.2 Options for Heavy Feedstocks ......................................................... 547
20.2.2.1 Deep Solvent Deasphalting Process ................................. 547
20.2.2.2 Demex Process ................................................................. 549
20.2.2.3 MDS Process .................................................................... 551
20.2.2.4 Residuum Oil Supercritical Extraction Process ............... 552
20.2.2.5 Solvahl Process ................................................................. 553
20.2.2.6 Lube Deasphalting ............................................................ 553
20.3 Dewaxing Processes ...................................................................................... 553
References ................................................................................................................ 558
Chapter 21 Hydrotreating and Desulfurization .......................................................................... 561
21.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 561
21.2 Process Parameters and Reactors .................................................................. 568
21.2.1 Hydrogen Partial Pressure ................................................................ 569
21.2.2 Space Velocity .................................................................................. 569
21.2.3 Reaction Temperature ...................................................................... 570
21.2.4 Catalyst Life ..................................................................................... 570
21.2.5 Feedstock Effects ............................................................................. 570
21.2.6 Reactors ............................................................................................ 572
21.2.6.1 Downflow Fixed-Bed Reactor .......................................... 572
21.2.6.2 Upflow Expanded-Bed Reactor ........................................ 573
21.2.6.3 Ebullating Bed Reactor ..................................................... 574
21.2.6.4 Demetallization Reactor (Guard Bed Reactor) ................. 574
21.3 Commercial Processes .................................................................................. 575
21.3.1 Autofining Process ........................................................................... 576
21.3.2 Ferrofining Process .......................................................................... 576
21.3.3 Gulf HDS Process ............................................................................ 576
21.3.4 Hydrofining Process ......................................................................... 576
21.3.5 Isomax Process ................................................................................. 578
21.3.6 Ultrafining Process ........................................................................... 578
21.3.7 Unifining Process ............................................................................. 578
21.3.8 Unionfining Process ......................................................................... 579
21.4 Options for Heavy Feedstocks ....................................................................... 579
21.4.1 Residuum Desulfurization and Vacuum Residuum
Desulfurization Process ................................................................... 580
21.4.2 Residfining Process .......................................................................... 580
21.5 Catalysts ........................................................................................................ 581