xiv
Contents
18.3.2.1 Delayed Coking .............................................................. 493
18.3.2.2 Fluid Coking ................................................................... 496
18.3.2.3 Flexicoking ..................................................................... 498
18.4 Options for Heavy Feedstocks ....................................................................... 499
18.4.1 Asphalt Coking Technology (ASCOT) Process ............................500
18.4.2 Cherry-P (Comprehensive Heavy Ends Reforming Refinery)
Process ...........................................................................................500
18.4.3 Decarbonizing ............................................................................... 501
18.4.4 ET-II Process ................................................................................. 501
18.4.5 Eureka Process .............................................................................. 502
18.4.6 Fluid Thermal Cracking Process ................................................... 503
18.4.7 High Conversion Soaker Cracking Process ................................... 505
18.4.8 Mixed-Phase Cracking ..................................................................506
18.4.9 OrCrude Process............................................................................506
18.4.10 Selective Cracking ......................................................................... 507
18.4.11 Shell Thermal Cracking ................................................................ 507
18.4.12 Tervahl-T Process ..........................................................................509
References ................................................................................................................ 510
Chapter 19 Catalytic Cracking.................................................................................................... 513
19.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 513
19.2 Early Processes .............................................................................................. 517
19.3 Commercial Processes .................................................................................. 517
19.3.1 Fixed-Bed Processes ...................................................................... 518
19.3.2 Fluid-Bed Processes ...................................................................... 518
19.3.2.1 Fluid-Bed Catalytic Cracking ........................................ 518
19.3.2.2 Model IV Fluid-Bed Catalytic Cracking Unit ................ 518
19.3.2.3 Orthoflow Fluid-Bed Catalytic Cracking ....................... 519
19.3.2.4 Shell Two-Stage Fluid-Bed Catalytic Cracking ............. 520
19.3.2.5 Universal Oil Products Fluid-Bed Catalytic Cracking ........520
19.3.3 Moving-Bed Processes .................................................................. 520
19.3.3.1 Airlift Thermofor Catalytic Cracking (Socony
Airlift TCC Process) ...................................................... 520
19.3.3.2 Houdresid Catalytic Cracking ........................................ 520
19.3.3.3 Houdriflow Catalytic Cracking ...................................... 520
19.3.3.4 Suspensoid Catalytic Cracking ...................................... 521
19.4 Options for Heavy Feedstocks ....................................................................... 521
19.4.1 Asphalt Residual Treating Process ................................................ 522
19.4.2 Aquaconversion ............................................................................. 522
19.4.3 Residue Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process .................................... 523
19.4.4 Heavy Oil Treating Process ........................................................... 524
19.4.5 R2R Process .................................................................................. 524
19.4.6 Reduced Crude Oil Conversion Process........................................ 526
19.4.7 Shell FCC Process ......................................................................... 527
19.4.8 S&W Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process ........................................ 528
19.5 Catalysts ........................................................................................................ 529
19.5.1 Catalyst Properties ......................................................................... 529
19.5.2 Catalyst Treatment ......................................................................... 529
19.5.2.1 Demet ............................................................................. 530
19.5.2.2 Met-X .............................................................................. 530
Contents
18.3.2.1 Delayed Coking .............................................................. 493
18.3.2.2 Fluid Coking ................................................................... 496
18.3.2.3 Flexicoking ..................................................................... 498
18.4 Options for Heavy Feedstocks ....................................................................... 499
18.4.1 Asphalt Coking Technology (ASCOT) Process ............................500
18.4.2 Cherry-P (Comprehensive Heavy Ends Reforming Refinery)
Process ...........................................................................................500
18.4.3 Decarbonizing ............................................................................... 501
18.4.4 ET-II Process ................................................................................. 501
18.4.5 Eureka Process .............................................................................. 502
18.4.6 Fluid Thermal Cracking Process ................................................... 503
18.4.7 High Conversion Soaker Cracking Process ................................... 505
18.4.8 Mixed-Phase Cracking ..................................................................506
18.4.9 OrCrude Process............................................................................506
18.4.10 Selective Cracking ......................................................................... 507
18.4.11 Shell Thermal Cracking ................................................................ 507
18.4.12 Tervahl-T Process ..........................................................................509
References ................................................................................................................ 510
Chapter 19 Catalytic Cracking.................................................................................................... 513
19.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 513
19.2 Early Processes .............................................................................................. 517
19.3 Commercial Processes .................................................................................. 517
19.3.1 Fixed-Bed Processes ...................................................................... 518
19.3.2 Fluid-Bed Processes ...................................................................... 518
19.3.2.1 Fluid-Bed Catalytic Cracking ........................................ 518
19.3.2.2 Model IV Fluid-Bed Catalytic Cracking Unit ................ 518
19.3.2.3 Orthoflow Fluid-Bed Catalytic Cracking ....................... 519
19.3.2.4 Shell Two-Stage Fluid-Bed Catalytic Cracking ............. 520
19.3.2.5 Universal Oil Products Fluid-Bed Catalytic Cracking ........520
19.3.3 Moving-Bed Processes .................................................................. 520
19.3.3.1 Airlift Thermofor Catalytic Cracking (Socony
Airlift TCC Process) ...................................................... 520
19.3.3.2 Houdresid Catalytic Cracking ........................................ 520
19.3.3.3 Houdriflow Catalytic Cracking ...................................... 520
19.3.3.4 Suspensoid Catalytic Cracking ...................................... 521
19.4 Options for Heavy Feedstocks ....................................................................... 521
19.4.1 Asphalt Residual Treating Process ................................................ 522
19.4.2 Aquaconversion ............................................................................. 522
19.4.3 Residue Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process .................................... 523
19.4.4 Heavy Oil Treating Process ........................................................... 524
19.4.5 R2R Process .................................................................................. 524
19.4.6 Reduced Crude Oil Conversion Process........................................ 526
19.4.7 Shell FCC Process ......................................................................... 527
19.4.8 S&W Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process ........................................ 528
19.5 Catalysts ........................................................................................................ 529
19.5.1 Catalyst Properties ......................................................................... 529
19.5.2 Catalyst Treatment ......................................................................... 529
19.5.2.1 Demet ............................................................................. 530
19.5.2.2 Met-X .............................................................................. 530