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Contents
Chapter 16 Refining Chemistry .................................................................................................. 433
16.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 433
16.2 Cracking ........................................................................................................ 435
16.2.1 Thermal Cracking ............................................................................ 435
16.2.2 Catalytic Cracking............................................................................ 436
16.2.3 Dehydrogenation .............................................................................. 438
16.2.4 Dehydrocyclization ........................................................................... 439
16.3 Hydrogenation ............................................................................................... 439
16.3.1 Hydrocracking .................................................................................. 439
16.3.2 Hydrotreating ...................................................................................440
16.4 Isomerization .................................................................................................440
16.5 Alkylation ...................................................................................................... 441
16.6 Polymerization ............................................................................................... 442
16.7 Process Chemistry ......................................................................................... 442
16.7.1 Thermal Chemistry .......................................................................... 442
16.7.2 Hydroconversion Chemistry ............................................................. 450
16.7.3 Chemistry in the Refinery ................................................................ 451
16.7.3.1 Visbreaking ....................................................................... 451
16.7.3.2 Hydroprocessing ............................................................... 454
References ................................................................................................................ 456
Chapter 17 Distillation ................................................................................................................ 459
17.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 459
17.2 Pretreatment ..................................................................................................460
17.3 Atmospheric Pressure and Reduced Pressure Distillation ............................ 461
17.3.1 Atmospheric Pressure Distillation ................................................... 463
17.3.2 Reduced Pressure Distillation ..........................................................466
17.4 Equipment ......................................................................................................469
17.4.1 Columns ...........................................................................................469
17.4.2 Packing ............................................................................................. 471
17.4.3 Trays ................................................................................................. 471
17.5 Other Processes ............................................................................................. 473
17.5.1 Stripping ........................................................................................... 473
17.5.2 Rerunning ......................................................................................... 473
17.5.3 Stabilization and Light-End Removal .............................................. 473
17.5.4 Superfractionation ............................................................................ 475
17.5.5 Azeotropic Distillation ..................................................................... 475
17.5.6 Extractive Distillation ...................................................................... 476
17.6 Options for Heavy Feedstocks ....................................................................... 478
References ................................................................................................................ 478
Chapter 18 Thermal Cracking .................................................................................................... 481
18.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 481
18.2 Early Processes .............................................................................................. 485
18.3 Commercial Processes .................................................................................. 486
18.3.1 Visbreaking ...................................................................................... 487
18.3.2 Coking Processes ............................................................................. 492