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Contents
15.4 Distillation ..................................................................................................... 396
15.4.1 Historical Development ................................................................... 396
15.4.2 Modern Processes ............................................................................ 396
15.4.2.1 Atmospheric Distillation................................................... 396
15.4.2.2 Vacuum Distillation .......................................................... 398
15.4.2.3 Azeotropic and Extractive Distillation ............................. 399
15.5 Thermal Methods .......................................................................................... 399
15.5.1 Historical Development ................................................................... 399
15.5.2 Modern Processes ............................................................................ 401
15.5.2.1 Thermal Cracking ............................................................. 401
15.5.2.2 Visbreaking .......................................................................402
15.5.2.3 Coking ..............................................................................403
15.6 Catalytic Methods .........................................................................................406
15.6.1 Historical Development ...................................................................406
15.6.2 Modern Processes ............................................................................407
15.6.3 Catalysts ..........................................................................................408
15.7 Hydroprocesses ..............................................................................................409
15.7.1 Historical Development ...................................................................409
15.7.2 Modern Processes ............................................................................ 410
15.7.2.1 Hydrofining ....................................................................... 412
15.8 Reforming ...................................................................................................... 412
15.8.1 Historical Development ................................................................... 412
15.8.2 Modern Processes ............................................................................ 412
15.8.2.1 Thermal Reforming .......................................................... 412
15.8.2.2 Catalytic Reforming ......................................................... 413
15.8.3 Catalysts .......................................................................................... 413
15.9 Isomerization ................................................................................................. 414
15.9.1 Historical Development ................................................................... 414
15.9.2 Modern Processes ............................................................................ 415
15.9.3 Catalysts .......................................................................................... 415
15.10 Alkylation Processes ..................................................................................... 416
15.10.1 Historical Development ................................................................... 416
15.10.2 Modern Processes ............................................................................ 417
15.10.3 Catalysts .......................................................................................... 417
15.11 Polymerization Processes .............................................................................. 418
15.11.1 Historical Development ................................................................... 418
15.11.2 Modern Processes ............................................................................ 418
15.11.3 Catalysts .......................................................................................... 418
15.12 Solvent Processes........................................................................................... 419
15.12.1 Deasphalting Processes ................................................................... 419
15.12.2 Dewaxing Processes ........................................................................ 420
15.13 Refining Heavy Feedstocks ........................................................................... 421
15.14 Petroleum Products ........................................................................................ 424
15.15 Petrochemicals ............................................................................................... 425
15.16 Future of Refining ......................................................................................... 427
15.16.1 Feedstocks ....................................................................................... 427
15.16.2 Refinery Configuration .................................................................... 428
References ................................................................................................................ 431