xi
Contents
12.5 Reactions ....................................................................................................... 327
12.6 Solubility Parameter ...................................................................................... 331
12.7 Structural Aspects ......................................................................................... 334
References ................................................................................................................340
Chapter 13 Structure of Petroleum ............................................................................................. 345
13.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 345
13.2 Molecular Species in Petroleum ....................................................................346
13.2.1 Volatile Fractions .............................................................................346
13.2.2 Nonvolatile Constituents ..................................................................346
13.2.2.1 Composition ......................................................................346
13.2.2.2 Structure ...........................................................................346
13.2.2.3 Molecular Weight ............................................................. 347
13.2.3 Resin Constituents ............................................................................ 347
13.2.3.1 Composition ......................................................................348
13.2.3.2 Structure ...........................................................................348
13.2.3.3 Molecular Weight ............................................................. 349
13.3 Petroleum System .......................................................................................... 349
13.4 Stability/Instability of the Petroleum System ................................................ 354
13.5 Effects on Recovery and Refining ................................................................. 362
13.5.1 Effects on Recovery Operations ....................................................... 363
13.5.2 Effects on Refining Operations ........................................................ 366
References ................................................................................................................ 367
Chapter 14 Instability and Incompatibility ................................................................................. 371
14.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 371
14.2 General Aspects ............................................................................................. 375
14.3 Factors Influencing Instability and Incompatibility ...................................... 376
14.3.1 Elemental Analysis ........................................................................... 376
14.3.2 Density and Specific Gravity ........................................................... 376
14.3.3 Volatility ........................................................................................... 376
14.3.4 Viscosity ........................................................................................... 377
14.3.5 Asphaltene Content .......................................................................... 377
14.3.6 Pour Point ......................................................................................... 379
14.3.7 Acidity .............................................................................................. 379
14.3.8 Metals (Ash) Content ........................................................................ 379
14.3.9 Water Content, Salt Content, and Bottom Sediment and Water ...... 380
14.4 Methods for Determining Instability and Incompatibility ............................ 381
14.5 Effect of Asphaltene and Heteroatom Constituents ...................................... 385
References ................................................................................................................ 387
Section iii Refining
Chapter 15 Introduction to Refining Processes .......................................................................... 391
15.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 391
15.2 Dewatering and Desalting ............................................................................. 394
15.3 Early Processes .............................................................................................. 395
Contents
12.5 Reactions ....................................................................................................... 327
12.6 Solubility Parameter ...................................................................................... 331
12.7 Structural Aspects ......................................................................................... 334
References ................................................................................................................340
Chapter 13 Structure of Petroleum ............................................................................................. 345
13.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 345
13.2 Molecular Species in Petroleum ....................................................................346
13.2.1 Volatile Fractions .............................................................................346
13.2.2 Nonvolatile Constituents ..................................................................346
13.2.2.1 Composition ......................................................................346
13.2.2.2 Structure ...........................................................................346
13.2.2.3 Molecular Weight ............................................................. 347
13.2.3 Resin Constituents ............................................................................ 347
13.2.3.1 Composition ......................................................................348
13.2.3.2 Structure ...........................................................................348
13.2.3.3 Molecular Weight ............................................................. 349
13.3 Petroleum System .......................................................................................... 349
13.4 Stability/Instability of the Petroleum System ................................................ 354
13.5 Effects on Recovery and Refining ................................................................. 362
13.5.1 Effects on Recovery Operations ....................................................... 363
13.5.2 Effects on Refining Operations ........................................................ 366
References ................................................................................................................ 367
Chapter 14 Instability and Incompatibility ................................................................................. 371
14.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 371
14.2 General Aspects ............................................................................................. 375
14.3 Factors Influencing Instability and Incompatibility ...................................... 376
14.3.1 Elemental Analysis ........................................................................... 376
14.3.2 Density and Specific Gravity ........................................................... 376
14.3.3 Volatility ........................................................................................... 376
14.3.4 Viscosity ........................................................................................... 377
14.3.5 Asphaltene Content .......................................................................... 377
14.3.6 Pour Point ......................................................................................... 379
14.3.7 Acidity .............................................................................................. 379
14.3.8 Metals (Ash) Content ........................................................................ 379
14.3.9 Water Content, Salt Content, and Bottom Sediment and Water ...... 380
14.4 Methods for Determining Instability and Incompatibility ............................ 381
14.5 Effect of Asphaltene and Heteroatom Constituents ...................................... 385
References ................................................................................................................ 387
Section iii Refining
Chapter 15 Introduction to Refining Processes .......................................................................... 391
15.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 391
15.2 Dewatering and Desalting ............................................................................. 394
15.3 Early Processes .............................................................................................. 395