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Contents
10.7 Spectroscopic Methods ................................................................................ 268
10.7.1 Infrared Spectroscopy .................................................................... 269
10.7.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ......................................................... 269
10.7.3 Mass Spectrometry ......................................................................... 269
10.8 Chromatographic Methods .......................................................................... 270
10.8.1 Gas Chromatography ...................................................................... 270
10.8.2 Simulated Distillation ..................................................................... 273
10.8.3 Adsorption Chromatography .......................................................... 274
10.8.4 Gel Permeation Chromatography ................................................... 275
10.8.5 Ion-Exchange Chromatography ...................................................... 276
10.8.6 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography................................... 277
10.8.7 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography .............................................. 278
10.9 Molecular Weight ........................................................................................ 278
10.10 Use of the Data ............................................................................................ 279
References ................................................................................................................280
Chapter 11 Structural Group Analysis ........................................................................................ 283
11.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 283
11.2 Methods for Structural Group Analysis ...................................................... 285
11.2.1 Physical Property Methods ............................................................. 288
11.2.1.1 Direct Method ................................................................. 288
11.2.1.2 Waterman Ring Analysis ................................................. 290
11.2.1.3 Density Method ............................................................... 291
11.2.1.4 n–d–M Method ................................................................ 291
11.2.1.5 Dispersion–Refraction Method ....................................... 292
11.2.1.6 Density–Temperature Coefficient Method ...................... 292
11.2.1.7 Molecular Weight–Refractive Index Method .................. 293
11.2.1.8 Miscellaneous Methods ................................................... 293
11.2.2 Spectroscopic Methods ................................................................... 295
11.2.2.1 Infrared Spectroscopy ..................................................... 295
11.2.2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ................... 299
11.2.2.3 Mass Spectrometry ..........................................................302
11.2.2.4 Electron Spin Resonance .................................................304
11.2.2.5 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy .................................................304
11.2.2.6 X-Ray Diffraction ............................................................306
11.2.3 Heteroatom Systems .......................................................................307
11.2.3.1 Nitrogen ...........................................................................308
11.2.3.2 Oxygen .............................................................................308
11.2.3.3 Sulfur ...............................................................................309
11.2.3.4 Metals ..............................................................................309
11.3 Miscellaneous Methods ...............................................................................309
References ................................................................................................................ 310
Chapter 12 Asphaltene Constituents ........................................................................................... 315
12.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 315
12.2 Separation .................................................................................................... 316
12.3 Composition ................................................................................................. 319
12.4 Molecular Weight ........................................................................................ 324