ix
Contents
9.3.1.3 Influence of Temperature ...............................................224
9.3.1.4 Influence of Contact Time .............................................224
9.3.2
Fractionation .................................................................................. 225
9.4 Adsorption ..................................................................................................... 227
9.4.1
Chemical Factors ........................................................................... 227
9.4.2
Fractionation Methods ................................................................... 228
9.4.2.1 General Methods ............................................................ 228
9.4.2.2 ASTM Methods ............................................................. 231
9.5 Chemical Methods ......................................................................................... 233
9.5.1
Acid Treatment .............................................................................. 233
9.5.2
Molecular Complex Formation ..................................................... 235
9.5.2.1 Urea Adduction .............................................................. 235
9.5.2.2 Thiourea Adduction ....................................................... 236
9.5.2.3 Adduct Composition ...................................................... 236
9.5.2.4 Adduct Structure ............................................................ 237
9.5.2.5 Adduct Properties .......................................................... 237
9.6 Use of the Data .............................................................................................. 238
References ................................................................................................................240
Chapter 10 Petroleum Analysis ................................................................................................... 243
10.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 243
10.2 Petroleum Assay ............................................................................................ 243
10.3 Physical Properties ........................................................................................246
10.3.1 Elemental (Ultimate) Analysis ......................................................246
10.3.2 Density and Specific Gravity ......................................................... 247
10.3.3 Viscosity ........................................................................................ 249
10.3.4 Surface and Interfacial Tension ..................................................... 251
10.3.5 Metal Content ................................................................................ 253
10.3.6 Total Acid Number ........................................................................ 254
10.4 Thermal Properties ........................................................................................ 254
10.4.1 Volatility ........................................................................................ 255
10.4.2 Liquefaction and Solidification...................................................... 258
10.4.3 Carbon Residue .............................................................................260
10.4.4 Aniline Point ................................................................................. 261
10.4.5 Specific Heat .................................................................................. 261
10.4.6 Latent Heat .................................................................................... 262
10.4.7 Enthalpy or Heat Content .............................................................. 262
10.4.8 Thermal Conductivity ................................................................... 262
10.4.9 Pressure–Volume–Temperature Relationships .............................. 263
10.4.10 Heat of Combustion ....................................................................... 263
10.4.11 Critical Properties ..........................................................................264
10.5 Electrical Properties ......................................................................................264
10.5.1 Conductivity ..................................................................................264
10.5.2 Dielectric Constant ........................................................................264
10.5.3 Dielectric Strength ......................................................................... 265
10.5.4 Dielectric Loss and Power Factor .................................................. 265
10.5.5 Static Electrification ......................................................................266
10.6 Optical Properties .........................................................................................266
10.6.1 Refractive Index.............................................................................266
10.6.2 Optical Activity ............................................................................. 267