L
Leather
enzymatic leather processing (see Enzymes)
industry, 35, 237–238
manufacturing
conventional processing, 198–201
environmental pollution, 198–201
enzymes, 201–202
mechanical and chemical operations,
197
M
Maltooligosaccharides, 225–230,
232, 235
Mannan, 252–253
backbone-hydrolyzing enzymes, 256
equatorial configuration, 250
hemicelluloses (see Hemicelluloses)
and heteromannan, 261
polymeric xylan, 276
Metabolic potential
alkaliphiles (see Alkaliphiles)
biotechnological applications
(see Biotechnology)
Metabolites
alkaliphiles (see Alkaliphiles)
biotechnological applications
(see Biotechnology)
clinical trials, 7
compounds and processes, 160
extrinsic factors, 204
and pH, 163
pharmaceutically important,
21–23
Metagenomics, 9, 58, 61, 67,
137–139
Microbial-based self-healing concrete
additives, 316
bio-based, 315
CaCO 3 precipitation, 315
denitrification, 321–323
encapsulation method, 316
oxidation of organic compound,
320–321
preparations, 314
ureolytic, 317–320
vegetative cells, 315
Microbial communities, 56–58, 63,
137, 322
Microbial-induced calcium carbonate
precipitation (MICCP), 301–304,
311, 323, 326
N
Nanotechnology, 237, 238
Nutrient bioavailability, 117–118
P
Paper, 270–273
and pulp processing, 15–17
recycling, 17–18
starch-degrading amylases, 235–236
Paper and pulp, 15–17, 236, 237, 279
Patents
alkaliphilic microbes, 184–186
bio-composites, 167
microbial-based precipitation, 306
pH homeostasis
acid production, 97
anion (OH
–
) deterring cell surface, 98
high level of monovalent cation/proton
antiporters, 94–96
proton capturing by ATP, 96–97
Platform chemicals, 276
Pollution
chemical-based industries, 197
chlorogenic compounds, 271
conventional leather processing, 198–201
environment, 205, 213
hazardous chemicals, 15
hydrogen sulphide, 208
pre-tanning processes, 205
sands/soils/minerals, 303
toxicity, 35
Prebiotics, 19, 254, 277, 278
Proteases, 202–204
bioremediation of waste, 213–214
detergent, 12
extremozymes, 7
in leather processing, 205
and metalloproteases, 12
skins and hides for tanning
bating, 211
deliming, 211
enzymatic dehairing, 207–210
enzymatic soaking, 206–207
fleshing, 210
splitting, 210
Proton
alkaline environments, 146
alkaliphiles (see Alkaliphiles)
antiporters, 94–96
ATP synthesis, 149
conformational changes, 90
transporters, 139
348
Index
Leather
enzymatic leather processing (see Enzymes)
industry, 35, 237–238
manufacturing
conventional processing, 198–201
environmental pollution, 198–201
enzymes, 201–202
mechanical and chemical operations,
197
M
Maltooligosaccharides, 225–230,
232, 235
Mannan, 252–253
backbone-hydrolyzing enzymes, 256
equatorial configuration, 250
hemicelluloses (see Hemicelluloses)
and heteromannan, 261
polymeric xylan, 276
Metabolic potential
alkaliphiles (see Alkaliphiles)
biotechnological applications
(see Biotechnology)
Metabolites
alkaliphiles (see Alkaliphiles)
biotechnological applications
(see Biotechnology)
clinical trials, 7
compounds and processes, 160
extrinsic factors, 204
and pH, 163
pharmaceutically important,
21–23
Metagenomics, 9, 58, 61, 67,
137–139
Microbial-based self-healing concrete
additives, 316
bio-based, 315
CaCO 3 precipitation, 315
denitrification, 321–323
encapsulation method, 316
oxidation of organic compound,
320–321
preparations, 314
ureolytic, 317–320
vegetative cells, 315
Microbial communities, 56–58, 63,
137, 322
Microbial-induced calcium carbonate
precipitation (MICCP), 301–304,
311, 323, 326
N
Nanotechnology, 237, 238
Nutrient bioavailability, 117–118
P
Paper, 270–273
and pulp processing, 15–17
recycling, 17–18
starch-degrading amylases, 235–236
Paper and pulp, 15–17, 236, 237, 279
Patents
alkaliphilic microbes, 184–186
bio-composites, 167
microbial-based precipitation, 306
pH homeostasis
acid production, 97
anion (OH
–
) deterring cell surface, 98
high level of monovalent cation/proton
antiporters, 94–96
proton capturing by ATP, 96–97
Platform chemicals, 276
Pollution
chemical-based industries, 197
chlorogenic compounds, 271
conventional leather processing, 198–201
environment, 205, 213
hazardous chemicals, 15
hydrogen sulphide, 208
pre-tanning processes, 205
sands/soils/minerals, 303
toxicity, 35
Prebiotics, 19, 254, 277, 278
Proteases, 202–204
bioremediation of waste, 213–214
detergent, 12
extremozymes, 7
in leather processing, 205
and metalloproteases, 12
skins and hides for tanning
bating, 211
deliming, 211
enzymatic dehairing, 207–210
enzymatic soaking, 206–207
fleshing, 210
splitting, 210
Proton
alkaline environments, 146
alkaliphiles (see Alkaliphiles)
antiporters, 94–96
ATP synthesis, 149
conformational changes, 90
transporters, 139
348
Index