aerobic and anaerobic alkaliphiles, 56
alkaliphiles (see Alkaliphiles)
enzymes, 204–205
EPS, 26
and extremozymes, 19
sodium and pH, 55
F
Feed
alkaliphile biomass as food, 29–30
animal, 215, 276–277
autotrophic microorganisms, 145
liquid water, 320
processing, 8
supplements, 23
Fermentation, 26–29, 31, 64–66, 144, 160, 225,
238, 275, 276
G
Genomics
alkaliphilic microorganisms, 139–143, 184
metabolism, 143–145
metagenomics, 137–139
H
Habitats
alkaline sites
man-made, 63–64
near-bottom, 62–63
alkaliphilic
bacterium, 56
eukaryotes, 66–68
environmental conditions, 87
high pH environments, 88
microbially mediated alkalinization, 64–66
neutralophilic standpoint, 89–92
ocean, 60
primary producers, 57
sites of serpentinization, 57–60
soils, 61–62
Hemicelluloses
alkaline active (see Alkaline active
hemicellulases)
amorphous heterogeneous polysaccharides,
250
backbone-hydrolyzing, 255
biotechnological importance, 254–255
equatorial configuration, 250
hemicellulose-modifying enzymes, 255
hydrolysis, 255–257
mannan, 252–253, 256
plant
biomass, 248
specimen, 249
polysaccharides, 249
specificity and rate enhancements, 248
structural analysis, 250
xylan, 251–252, 256
xyloglucan, 253
High pH adaptation
alkaliphiles (see Alkaliphiles)
ATP synthase, 106–107
bioenergetics, 120
biotechnological applications, 9
cell protection, 99
eukaryotes, 118–120
gram-negative S-layer proteins, 101
gram-positive alkaliphiles, 100
microorganisms, 26
unsaturated membrane lipid, 103
Hydrolases
alkaline active epoxide, 20
endo-glycoside, 255
enzymes of alkaliphiles, 36
extracellular glycoside, 144
glycosyl, 269
Hydrolysis
biomass, 26
chemical, 225
enzymatic, 12, 214, 215, 234
hemicelluloses, 249, 255
lignocellulosic materials, 7
I
Industry
chelators, 24
chemical-based, 200
detergents, 227–228
fermentation, 276
food, 233–235
intact and modified hemicelluloses, 254
leather, 35, 237–238
natural gas, 33
pulp and paper, 235–236
soft drink beverage, 163
textile, 236
Intracellular alkalinization
biomolecules, 112–113
degradation systems, 113–115
expression/production profile, 112–113
protein damage repair, 113–115
Isolation of alkaliphiles, 61, 63, 64, 68–71
Index
347
alkaliphiles (see Alkaliphiles)
enzymes, 204–205
EPS, 26
and extremozymes, 19
sodium and pH, 55
F
Feed
alkaliphile biomass as food, 29–30
animal, 215, 276–277
autotrophic microorganisms, 145
liquid water, 320
processing, 8
supplements, 23
Fermentation, 26–29, 31, 64–66, 144, 160, 225,
238, 275, 276
G
Genomics
alkaliphilic microorganisms, 139–143, 184
metabolism, 143–145
metagenomics, 137–139
H
Habitats
alkaline sites
man-made, 63–64
near-bottom, 62–63
alkaliphilic
bacterium, 56
eukaryotes, 66–68
environmental conditions, 87
high pH environments, 88
microbially mediated alkalinization, 64–66
neutralophilic standpoint, 89–92
ocean, 60
primary producers, 57
sites of serpentinization, 57–60
soils, 61–62
Hemicelluloses
alkaline active (see Alkaline active
hemicellulases)
amorphous heterogeneous polysaccharides,
250
backbone-hydrolyzing, 255
biotechnological importance, 254–255
equatorial configuration, 250
hemicellulose-modifying enzymes, 255
hydrolysis, 255–257
mannan, 252–253, 256
plant
biomass, 248
specimen, 249
polysaccharides, 249
specificity and rate enhancements, 248
structural analysis, 250
xylan, 251–252, 256
xyloglucan, 253
High pH adaptation
alkaliphiles (see Alkaliphiles)
ATP synthase, 106–107
bioenergetics, 120
biotechnological applications, 9
cell protection, 99
eukaryotes, 118–120
gram-negative S-layer proteins, 101
gram-positive alkaliphiles, 100
microorganisms, 26
unsaturated membrane lipid, 103
Hydrolases
alkaline active epoxide, 20
endo-glycoside, 255
enzymes of alkaliphiles, 36
extracellular glycoside, 144
glycosyl, 269
Hydrolysis
biomass, 26
chemical, 225
enzymatic, 12, 214, 215, 234
hemicelluloses, 249, 255
lignocellulosic materials, 7
I
Industry
chelators, 24
chemical-based, 200
detergents, 227–228
fermentation, 276
food, 233–235
intact and modified hemicelluloses, 254
leather, 35, 237–238
natural gas, 33
pulp and paper, 235–236
soft drink beverage, 163
textile, 236
Intracellular alkalinization
biomolecules, 112–113
degradation systems, 113–115
expression/production profile, 112–113
protein damage repair, 113–115
Isolation of alkaliphiles, 61, 63, 64, 68–71
Index
347