Concrete (cont.)
microorganisms, application
cracks, 306–310
self-healing, 314–323
surface coating, 311–314
self-healing (see Self-healing)
Construction biotechnology, 32, 33, 298
Crack repair, 295–297, 306, 307, 317, 328
Cyanobacteria
alkaliphilic, 29, 151
carbonate/bicarbonate-rich alkaline, 141
chloroplasts, 63
ecoregions, 175
laboratory strains, 65
microbiologists, 65
photosynthetic, 24
silica precipitation, 305
Cyclodextrins (CDs)
acyclic and cyclic forms, 177
alkaline active enzyme, 20
production, 230–233
ring-shaped glucose oligomers, 177
in soil, 178
Cyclo-maltodextrin glucanotransferases
(CGTase)
CDs, 20
cyclic oligosaccharides, 226
immobilized enzyme, 177
messengers, 177
reaction time and type, 233
soil microbes, 178
surfactants, 233
synthesis and biotransformation
applications, 233
transglycosylation, 231
Cytochromes, 109–111, 149–151
expression of proteins, 103
high pH-specific adaptations, 147
ubiquinol, 147
D
Delignification, 17
Detergent, 273
biosurfactants, 170
formulation, 11–13
high pH conditions, 25
industry, 227–228
surfactants, 169
thermostable alkaline proteases, 203
E
Enzymes
alkaline active (see Alkaline active
enzymes)
catalytic residues, 117
detergent solutions, 204
extremophiles microorganisms, 204–205
hemicellulose (see Hemicelluloses)
high pH adaptation, 106
hydrolysis, 7
in industrial processes, 5
leather processing
curing and storage, 206
sorting and trimming, 205–206
metabolic processes, 92
molecular mechanisms, 115
proteolytic, 208
proton concentration, 159
skins and hides for tanning
bating, 211
dehairing, 207–210
deliming, 211
fleshing, 210
soaking, 206–207
splitting, 210
starch-modifying enzymes (see Starch)
tannery processing, 201–202
Eukaryotes
alkaliphilic, 66–68
C40 carotenoids, 174
high pH environments (see High pH
adaptation)
multicellular, 88
Exopolysaccharides (EPS)
alkaliphiles, 25–26
alkaliphilic strains, 32
bioprocess, 178
biosynthesis, 177
CDs, 177
CGTases, 178
commercial applications, 179
and glycoproteins, 303
microbial sugar polymers, 176
multifunctional polysaccharides, 176
protection, 91
radon hot spring, 179
silica precipitation, 305
Extracellular biomolecules, 115–117
Extremolytes, 7
Extremophiles, 5–8
346
Index
microorganisms, application
cracks, 306–310
self-healing, 314–323
surface coating, 311–314
self-healing (see Self-healing)
Construction biotechnology, 32, 33, 298
Crack repair, 295–297, 306, 307, 317, 328
Cyanobacteria
alkaliphilic, 29, 151
carbonate/bicarbonate-rich alkaline, 141
chloroplasts, 63
ecoregions, 175
laboratory strains, 65
microbiologists, 65
photosynthetic, 24
silica precipitation, 305
Cyclodextrins (CDs)
acyclic and cyclic forms, 177
alkaline active enzyme, 20
production, 230–233
ring-shaped glucose oligomers, 177
in soil, 178
Cyclo-maltodextrin glucanotransferases
(CGTase)
CDs, 20
cyclic oligosaccharides, 226
immobilized enzyme, 177
messengers, 177
reaction time and type, 233
soil microbes, 178
surfactants, 233
synthesis and biotransformation
applications, 233
transglycosylation, 231
Cytochromes, 109–111, 149–151
expression of proteins, 103
high pH-specific adaptations, 147
ubiquinol, 147
D
Delignification, 17
Detergent, 273
biosurfactants, 170
formulation, 11–13
high pH conditions, 25
industry, 227–228
surfactants, 169
thermostable alkaline proteases, 203
E
Enzymes
alkaline active (see Alkaline active
enzymes)
catalytic residues, 117
detergent solutions, 204
extremophiles microorganisms, 204–205
hemicellulose (see Hemicelluloses)
high pH adaptation, 106
hydrolysis, 7
in industrial processes, 5
leather processing
curing and storage, 206
sorting and trimming, 205–206
metabolic processes, 92
molecular mechanisms, 115
proteolytic, 208
proton concentration, 159
skins and hides for tanning
bating, 211
dehairing, 207–210
deliming, 211
fleshing, 210
soaking, 206–207
splitting, 210
starch-modifying enzymes (see Starch)
tannery processing, 201–202
Eukaryotes
alkaliphilic, 66–68
C40 carotenoids, 174
high pH environments (see High pH
adaptation)
multicellular, 88
Exopolysaccharides (EPS)
alkaliphiles, 25–26
alkaliphilic strains, 32
bioprocess, 178
biosynthesis, 177
CDs, 177
CGTases, 178
commercial applications, 179
and glycoproteins, 303
microbial sugar polymers, 176
multifunctional polysaccharides, 176
protection, 91
radon hot spring, 179
silica precipitation, 305
Extracellular biomolecules, 115–117
Extremolytes, 7
Extremophiles, 5–8
346
Index