Alkaliphiles
adaptations, 9, 10
alkaline pH range, 55
BIM (see Biomineralization (BIM))
bioconstruction, 32
in bioelectricity, 30–31
biofuel production, 26–28
in biotechnology
alkaline active enzymes, 10–21
biosurfactant production, 25
carotenoids, 23–24
EPSs, 25–26
pharmaceutically important metabolites,
21–23
siderophores, 24–25
buffering capacity, 55
building materials, 295
calcite precipitating organisms, 296
crack repair methods, 295
cultivation, 68–71
environmental biotechnology, 34–36
food and feed supplement, 29–30
genomics (see Genomics)
habitats, 56–68
hemicellulose (see Hemicelluloses)
isolation, 68–71
media, 68–71
microbial-based
repair agents, 296
self-healing, 297
mining and oil drilling, 32–34
Na
+ and pH concentration, 71–73
organic acids, 28–29
pH environments, 9
sodium requirement, 55
structural and functional features, 9
Alkaliphiles adaptation
high pH (see High pH adaptation)
pH homeostasis (see pH homeostasis)
protective cell envelope (see Cell
envelope)
Alkaliphilic eukaryotes, 66–68, 139
Alkaliphilic microbes
adaptation, 160
alkaline active enzymes, 226
fuel cell system, 31
high-quality lactates, 166
intracellular pH, 159
microbiology laboratory, 160
neutral habitats, 159
patent, 184–186
α–amylase
alkaline active maltooligosaccharideforming, 229
chemical hydrolysis, 225
endoamylase, 224
recombinant DNA technology, 226
starch, 234
Anion, 26, 55, 57, 98–100, 171, 303, 325
Antibiotics
cyclosporine, 181
discovery, 180
insecticidal properties, 170
ionophores, 180
non-extreme terrestrial microorganisms,
181
selective inhibition, 68
Antimicrobial compounds, 180–184, 254
Antiporters
cation/substrate symporters, 151
monovalent cation/proton, 94–96
pH homeostasis, 107, 139
ATP synthase
α–subunit, 107–108
c-subunit, 108–109
high level expression, 106–107
photophosphorylation, 90
proton capturing, 96–97
and respiration (see Respiration)
B
Basic sugar metabolism, 161–165
Biocatalysis, 18, 19, 21, 117, 248
bioproducts, 214–215
biotechnological approaches, 214–215
enzymes, 202
mesophilic, 5
synthesis reactions, 19
tannery waste, 214–215
Bioconstruction, 32
Biodegradation, 169, 184, 186
Biodeposition
applications, 323
biocoating, 32
concrete surface coating, 311–314
Bioenergetics
of alkaliphiles, 99, 145–147
ATP synthase (see ATP synthase)
cytochrome, 109–111
extracellular enzymes, 161
pH homeostasis, 89
Bioethanol, 7, 28, 248, 276
Biofuel
fermentative substrate, 255
organic acids, 10
production, 7, 26–28
Bioinnovation, 215–217
Biologically controlled mineralization
(BCM), 298, 300
344
Index
adaptations, 9, 10
alkaline pH range, 55
BIM (see Biomineralization (BIM))
bioconstruction, 32
in bioelectricity, 30–31
biofuel production, 26–28
in biotechnology
alkaline active enzymes, 10–21
biosurfactant production, 25
carotenoids, 23–24
EPSs, 25–26
pharmaceutically important metabolites,
21–23
siderophores, 24–25
buffering capacity, 55
building materials, 295
calcite precipitating organisms, 296
crack repair methods, 295
cultivation, 68–71
environmental biotechnology, 34–36
food and feed supplement, 29–30
genomics (see Genomics)
habitats, 56–68
hemicellulose (see Hemicelluloses)
isolation, 68–71
media, 68–71
microbial-based
repair agents, 296
self-healing, 297
mining and oil drilling, 32–34
Na
+ and pH concentration, 71–73
organic acids, 28–29
pH environments, 9
sodium requirement, 55
structural and functional features, 9
Alkaliphiles adaptation
high pH (see High pH adaptation)
pH homeostasis (see pH homeostasis)
protective cell envelope (see Cell
envelope)
Alkaliphilic eukaryotes, 66–68, 139
Alkaliphilic microbes
adaptation, 160
alkaline active enzymes, 226
fuel cell system, 31
high-quality lactates, 166
intracellular pH, 159
microbiology laboratory, 160
neutral habitats, 159
patent, 184–186
α–amylase
alkaline active maltooligosaccharideforming, 229
chemical hydrolysis, 225
endoamylase, 224
recombinant DNA technology, 226
starch, 234
Anion, 26, 55, 57, 98–100, 171, 303, 325
Antibiotics
cyclosporine, 181
discovery, 180
insecticidal properties, 170
ionophores, 180
non-extreme terrestrial microorganisms,
181
selective inhibition, 68
Antimicrobial compounds, 180–184, 254
Antiporters
cation/substrate symporters, 151
monovalent cation/proton, 94–96
pH homeostasis, 107, 139
ATP synthase
α–subunit, 107–108
c-subunit, 108–109
high level expression, 106–107
photophosphorylation, 90
proton capturing, 96–97
and respiration (see Respiration)
B
Basic sugar metabolism, 161–165
Biocatalysis, 18, 19, 21, 117, 248
bioproducts, 214–215
biotechnological approaches, 214–215
enzymes, 202
mesophilic, 5
synthesis reactions, 19
tannery waste, 214–215
Bioconstruction, 32
Biodegradation, 169, 184, 186
Biodeposition
applications, 323
biocoating, 32
concrete surface coating, 311–314
Bioenergetics
of alkaliphiles, 99, 145–147
ATP synthase (see ATP synthase)
cytochrome, 109–111
extracellular enzymes, 161
pH homeostasis, 89
Bioethanol, 7, 28, 248, 276
Biofuel
fermentative substrate, 255
organic acids, 10
production, 7, 26–28
Bioinnovation, 215–217
Biologically controlled mineralization
(BCM), 298, 300
344
Index