29. Chiego B, Silver H (1942) The effect of alkalis on the stability of keratins. J Invest Dermatol
5:95–103
30. Krachle RF, Krachler R, Stojanovic A, Wielander B, Herzig A (2009) Effects of pH on aquatic
biodegradation. Biogeosci Discuss 6:491–514
31. Block SS (1991) Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia
32. GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB (2014) Use of sodium hydroxide for cleaning and sanitization
of chromatography media and systems. Application note 18-1124-57 AI
33. Hobbs BC, Wilson GS (1942) The disinfectant activity of caustic soda. J Hyg 42:436–450
34. Lemire KA, Rodriguez YY, McIntosh MT (2016) Alkaline hydrolysis to remove potentially
infectious viral RNA contaminants from DNA. Virol J 13:88. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985016-0552-0
35. Arnosti C, Bell C, Moorhead DL, Sinsabaugh RL, Steen AD, Stromberger M et al (2013)
Extracellular enzymes in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments: perspectives on
system variability and common research needs. Biogeochemistry 117:5–21
36. Bogino PC, Oliva MM, Sorroche FG, Giordano W (2013) The role of bacterial biofilms and
surface components in plant-bacterial associations. Int J Mol Sci 14:15838–15859
37. Castrec J, Soudant P, Payton L, Tran D, Miner P, Lambert C et al (2018) Bioactive extracellular compounds produced by the dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum are highly detrimental
for oysters. Aquat Toxicol 199:188–198
38. Nwodo UU, Green E, Okoh AI (2012) Bacterial exopolysaccharides: functionality and
prospects. Int J Mol Sci 13:14002–14015
39. Sebastian Engel S, Jensen PR, Fenical W (2002) Chemical ecology of marine microbial
defense. J Chem Ecol 28:1971–1985
40. Waters CM, Bassler BL (2005) Quorum sensing: cell-to-cell communication in bacteria. Annu
Rev Cell Dev Biol 21:319–346
41. Boros E, Kolpakova M (2018) A review of the defining chemical properties of soda lakes and
pans: an assessment on a large geographic scale of Eurasian inland saline surface waters. PLoS
One 13(8):e0202205. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202205
42. Grant WD, Jones BE (2016) Bacteria, archaea and viruses of soda lakes. In: Schager LM
(ed) Soda lakes of East Africa. Springer, Cham, pp 97–148
43. Finkelstein J (2009) Metalloproteins. Nature 460:813. https://www.nature.com/articles/
460813a.pdf
44. Garland PB (1977) Energy transduction and transmission in microbial systems. In: Haddock
BA, Hamilton WA (eds) 27th symposium of the Society for General Microbiology. Microbial
energetics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 1–21
45. McLaggan D, Selwyn MJ, Dawson AP (1984) Dependence on Naþ of control of cytoplasmic
pH in a facultative alkalophile. FEBS Lett 165:254–258
46. Cook GM, Russell JB, Reichert A, Wiegel J (1996) The intracellular pH of Clostridium
paradoxum, an anaerobic, alkaliphilic, and thermophilic bacterium. Appl Environ Microbiol
62:4576–4579
47. Guffanti AA, Hicks DB (1991) Molar growth yields and bioenergetic parameters of extremely
alkaliphilic Bacillus species in batch cultures, and growth in a chemostat at pH 10.5. J Gen
Microbiol 137:2375–2379
48. Sturr MG, Guffanti AA, Krulwich TA (1994) Growth and bioenergetics of alkaliphilic
Bacillus firmus OF4 in continuous culture at high pH. J Bacteriol 176:3111–3116
49. Aono R, Ito M, Horikoshi K (1997) Measurement of cytoplasmic pH of the alkaliphile
Bacillus lentus C-125 with a fluorescent pH probe. Microbiology 143:2531–2536
50. Olsson K, Keis S, Morgan HW, Dimroth P, Cook GM (2003) Bioenergetic properties of the
thermoalkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain TA2.A1. J Bacteriol 185:461–465
51. Yumoto I (2002) Bioenergetics of alkaliphilic Bacillus spp. J Biosci Bioeng 93:342–353
52. Krulwich TA, Guffanti AA, Ito M (1999) Mechanisms by which bacterial cells respond to
pH. Novartis Foundation Symposia, vol 221. Wiley, Chichester, pp 167–182
Challenges and Adaptations of Life in Alkaline Habitats
123
5:95–103
30. Krachle RF, Krachler R, Stojanovic A, Wielander B, Herzig A (2009) Effects of pH on aquatic
biodegradation. Biogeosci Discuss 6:491–514
31. Block SS (1991) Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia
32. GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB (2014) Use of sodium hydroxide for cleaning and sanitization
of chromatography media and systems. Application note 18-1124-57 AI
33. Hobbs BC, Wilson GS (1942) The disinfectant activity of caustic soda. J Hyg 42:436–450
34. Lemire KA, Rodriguez YY, McIntosh MT (2016) Alkaline hydrolysis to remove potentially
infectious viral RNA contaminants from DNA. Virol J 13:88. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985016-0552-0
35. Arnosti C, Bell C, Moorhead DL, Sinsabaugh RL, Steen AD, Stromberger M et al (2013)
Extracellular enzymes in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments: perspectives on
system variability and common research needs. Biogeochemistry 117:5–21
36. Bogino PC, Oliva MM, Sorroche FG, Giordano W (2013) The role of bacterial biofilms and
surface components in plant-bacterial associations. Int J Mol Sci 14:15838–15859
37. Castrec J, Soudant P, Payton L, Tran D, Miner P, Lambert C et al (2018) Bioactive extracellular compounds produced by the dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum are highly detrimental
for oysters. Aquat Toxicol 199:188–198
38. Nwodo UU, Green E, Okoh AI (2012) Bacterial exopolysaccharides: functionality and
prospects. Int J Mol Sci 13:14002–14015
39. Sebastian Engel S, Jensen PR, Fenical W (2002) Chemical ecology of marine microbial
defense. J Chem Ecol 28:1971–1985
40. Waters CM, Bassler BL (2005) Quorum sensing: cell-to-cell communication in bacteria. Annu
Rev Cell Dev Biol 21:319–346
41. Boros E, Kolpakova M (2018) A review of the defining chemical properties of soda lakes and
pans: an assessment on a large geographic scale of Eurasian inland saline surface waters. PLoS
One 13(8):e0202205. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202205
42. Grant WD, Jones BE (2016) Bacteria, archaea and viruses of soda lakes. In: Schager LM
(ed) Soda lakes of East Africa. Springer, Cham, pp 97–148
43. Finkelstein J (2009) Metalloproteins. Nature 460:813. https://www.nature.com/articles/
460813a.pdf
44. Garland PB (1977) Energy transduction and transmission in microbial systems. In: Haddock
BA, Hamilton WA (eds) 27th symposium of the Society for General Microbiology. Microbial
energetics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 1–21
45. McLaggan D, Selwyn MJ, Dawson AP (1984) Dependence on Naþ of control of cytoplasmic
pH in a facultative alkalophile. FEBS Lett 165:254–258
46. Cook GM, Russell JB, Reichert A, Wiegel J (1996) The intracellular pH of Clostridium
paradoxum, an anaerobic, alkaliphilic, and thermophilic bacterium. Appl Environ Microbiol
62:4576–4579
47. Guffanti AA, Hicks DB (1991) Molar growth yields and bioenergetic parameters of extremely
alkaliphilic Bacillus species in batch cultures, and growth in a chemostat at pH 10.5. J Gen
Microbiol 137:2375–2379
48. Sturr MG, Guffanti AA, Krulwich TA (1994) Growth and bioenergetics of alkaliphilic
Bacillus firmus OF4 in continuous culture at high pH. J Bacteriol 176:3111–3116
49. Aono R, Ito M, Horikoshi K (1997) Measurement of cytoplasmic pH of the alkaliphile
Bacillus lentus C-125 with a fluorescent pH probe. Microbiology 143:2531–2536
50. Olsson K, Keis S, Morgan HW, Dimroth P, Cook GM (2003) Bioenergetic properties of the
thermoalkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain TA2.A1. J Bacteriol 185:461–465
51. Yumoto I (2002) Bioenergetics of alkaliphilic Bacillus spp. J Biosci Bioeng 93:342–353
52. Krulwich TA, Guffanti AA, Ito M (1999) Mechanisms by which bacterial cells respond to
pH. Novartis Foundation Symposia, vol 221. Wiley, Chichester, pp 167–182
Challenges and Adaptations of Life in Alkaline Habitats
123