53. Krulwich TA, Ito M, Gilmour R, Hicks DB, Guffanti AA (1998) Energetics of alkaliphilic
Bacillus species: physiology and molecules. Adv Microb Physiol 40:401–438
54. Krulwich TA, Liu J, Morino M, Fujisawa M, Ito M, Hicks DB (2011) Adaptive mechanisms of
extreme alkaliphiles. In: Horikoshi K, Antranikian G, Bull AT, Robb FT, Stetter KO (eds)
Extremophiles handbook. Springer, Tokyo, pp 119–139
55. Krulwich TA, Sachs G, Padan E (2011) Molecular aspects of bacterial pH sensing and
homeostasis. Nat Rev Microbiol 9:330–343
56. Paavilainen S, Helistö P, Korpela T (1994) Conversion of carbohydrates to organic acids by
alkaliphilic bacilli. J Ferment Bioeng 78(3):217–222
57. Padan E, Gerchman Y, Rimon A, Rothman A, Dover N, Carmel-Harel O (1999) The
molecular mechanism of regulation of the NhaA Naþ/Hþ antiporter of Escherichia coli, a
key transporter in the adaptation to Naþ and Hþ. Novartis Foundation Symposia, vol 221.
Wiley, Chichester, pp 183–196
58. Padan E, Venturi M, Gerchman Y, Dover N (2001) Na
+ /H
+ antiporters. Biochim Biophys Acta
1505:144–157
59. Slonczewski JL, Rosen BP, Alger JR, Macnab RM (1981) pH homeostasis in Escherichia coli:
measurement by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance of methylphosphonate and phosphate. Proc
Natl Acad Sci U S A 78:6271–6275
60. Hamamoto T, Hashimoto M, Hino M, Kitada M, Seto Y, Kudo T, Horikoshi K (1994)
Characterization of a gene responsible for the Na
+ /H
+ antiporter system of alkalophilic
Bacillus species strain C-125. Mol Microbiol 14:939–946
61. Saier MH, Reddy VS, Tsu BV, Ahmed MS, Li C, Moreno-Hagelsieb G (2016) The Transporter Classification Database (TCDB): recent advances. Nucleic Acids Res 44:D372–D379
62. Krulwich TA, Hicks DB, Ito M (2009) Cation/proton antiporter complements of bacteria: why
so large and diverse? Mol Microbiol 74:257–260
63. Brett CL, Donowitz M, Rao R (2005) Evolutionary origins of eukaryotic sodium/proton
exchangers. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 288:C223–C239
64. Counillon L, Pouyssegur J (2000) The expanding family of eucaryotic Na
+ /H
+ exchangers.
J Biol Chem 275:1–4
65. Fliegel L (2005) The Na
+/
H
+ exchanger isoform 1. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37:33–37
66. Orlowski J, Grinstein S (2004) Diversity of the mammalian sodium/proton exchanger SLC9
gene family. Pflugers Arch 447:549–565
67. Ito M, Guffanti AA, Oudega B, Krulwich TA (1999) Mrp, a multigene, multifunctional locus
in Bacillus subtilis with roles in resistance to cholate and to Na
+ and in pH homeostasis.
J Bacteriol 181:2394–2402
68. Fuster DG, Alexander RT (2014) Traditional and emerging roles for the SLC9 Na
+ /H
+
exchangers. Pflugers Arch 466:61–76
69. Padan E, Landau M (2016) Sodium-proton (Na
+ /H
+ ) antiporters: properties and roles in health
and disease. Met Ions Life Sci 16:391–458
70. Harel-Bronstein M, Dibrov P, Olami Y, Pinner E, Schuldiner S, Padan E (1995) MH1,
a second-site revertant of an Escherichia coli mutant lacking Na
+ /H
+ antiporters
(DnhaADnhaB), regains Na
+ resistance and a capacity to excrete Na
+ in a Δμ H+ -independent
fashion. J Biol Chem 270:3816–3822
71. Wei Y, Liu J, Ma Y, Krulwich TA (2007) Three putative cation/proton antiporters from the
soda lake alkaliphile Alkalimonas amylolytica N10 complement an alkali-sensitive
Escherichia coli mutant. Microbiology 153:2168–2179
72. Krulwich TA, Ito M, Guffanti AA (2001) The Na
+ -dependence of alkaliphily in Bacillus.
Biochim Biophys Acta 1501:158–168
73. Kitada M, Kosono S, Kudo T (2000) The Na
+ /H
+ antiporter of alkaliphilic Bacillus
sp. Extremophiles 4:253–258
74. Ran S, He Z, Liang J (2013) Survival of Enterococcus faecalis during alkaline stress: changes
in morphology, ultrastructure, physiochemical properties of the cell wall and specific gene
transcripts. Arch Oral Biol l58:1667–1676
124
G. Mamo
Bacillus species: physiology and molecules. Adv Microb Physiol 40:401–438
54. Krulwich TA, Liu J, Morino M, Fujisawa M, Ito M, Hicks DB (2011) Adaptive mechanisms of
extreme alkaliphiles. In: Horikoshi K, Antranikian G, Bull AT, Robb FT, Stetter KO (eds)
Extremophiles handbook. Springer, Tokyo, pp 119–139
55. Krulwich TA, Sachs G, Padan E (2011) Molecular aspects of bacterial pH sensing and
homeostasis. Nat Rev Microbiol 9:330–343
56. Paavilainen S, Helistö P, Korpela T (1994) Conversion of carbohydrates to organic acids by
alkaliphilic bacilli. J Ferment Bioeng 78(3):217–222
57. Padan E, Gerchman Y, Rimon A, Rothman A, Dover N, Carmel-Harel O (1999) The
molecular mechanism of regulation of the NhaA Naþ/Hþ antiporter of Escherichia coli, a
key transporter in the adaptation to Naþ and Hþ. Novartis Foundation Symposia, vol 221.
Wiley, Chichester, pp 183–196
58. Padan E, Venturi M, Gerchman Y, Dover N (2001) Na
+ /H
+ antiporters. Biochim Biophys Acta
1505:144–157
59. Slonczewski JL, Rosen BP, Alger JR, Macnab RM (1981) pH homeostasis in Escherichia coli:
measurement by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance of methylphosphonate and phosphate. Proc
Natl Acad Sci U S A 78:6271–6275
60. Hamamoto T, Hashimoto M, Hino M, Kitada M, Seto Y, Kudo T, Horikoshi K (1994)
Characterization of a gene responsible for the Na
+ /H
+ antiporter system of alkalophilic
Bacillus species strain C-125. Mol Microbiol 14:939–946
61. Saier MH, Reddy VS, Tsu BV, Ahmed MS, Li C, Moreno-Hagelsieb G (2016) The Transporter Classification Database (TCDB): recent advances. Nucleic Acids Res 44:D372–D379
62. Krulwich TA, Hicks DB, Ito M (2009) Cation/proton antiporter complements of bacteria: why
so large and diverse? Mol Microbiol 74:257–260
63. Brett CL, Donowitz M, Rao R (2005) Evolutionary origins of eukaryotic sodium/proton
exchangers. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 288:C223–C239
64. Counillon L, Pouyssegur J (2000) The expanding family of eucaryotic Na
+ /H
+ exchangers.
J Biol Chem 275:1–4
65. Fliegel L (2005) The Na
+/
H
+ exchanger isoform 1. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37:33–37
66. Orlowski J, Grinstein S (2004) Diversity of the mammalian sodium/proton exchanger SLC9
gene family. Pflugers Arch 447:549–565
67. Ito M, Guffanti AA, Oudega B, Krulwich TA (1999) Mrp, a multigene, multifunctional locus
in Bacillus subtilis with roles in resistance to cholate and to Na
+ and in pH homeostasis.
J Bacteriol 181:2394–2402
68. Fuster DG, Alexander RT (2014) Traditional and emerging roles for the SLC9 Na
+ /H
+
exchangers. Pflugers Arch 466:61–76
69. Padan E, Landau M (2016) Sodium-proton (Na
+ /H
+ ) antiporters: properties and roles in health
and disease. Met Ions Life Sci 16:391–458
70. Harel-Bronstein M, Dibrov P, Olami Y, Pinner E, Schuldiner S, Padan E (1995) MH1,
a second-site revertant of an Escherichia coli mutant lacking Na
+ /H
+ antiporters
(DnhaADnhaB), regains Na
+ resistance and a capacity to excrete Na
+ in a Δμ H+ -independent
fashion. J Biol Chem 270:3816–3822
71. Wei Y, Liu J, Ma Y, Krulwich TA (2007) Three putative cation/proton antiporters from the
soda lake alkaliphile Alkalimonas amylolytica N10 complement an alkali-sensitive
Escherichia coli mutant. Microbiology 153:2168–2179
72. Krulwich TA, Ito M, Guffanti AA (2001) The Na
+ -dependence of alkaliphily in Bacillus.
Biochim Biophys Acta 1501:158–168
73. Kitada M, Kosono S, Kudo T (2000) The Na
+ /H
+ antiporter of alkaliphilic Bacillus
sp. Extremophiles 4:253–258
74. Ran S, He Z, Liang J (2013) Survival of Enterococcus faecalis during alkaline stress: changes
in morphology, ultrastructure, physiochemical properties of the cell wall and specific gene
transcripts. Arch Oral Biol l58:1667–1676
124
G. Mamo