Lessig, Lawrence 66
letting 145
Leviathan 113
lex fori 121
lex mercatoria 14, 68–69, 118, 143,
147–148
light bulbs 45
litigation, and ADR 97, 149–151;
cross-border 7, 120; state 17,
104, 105, 108n27, 119, 131,
133, 160
Locke, John 113–115, 135
low-intensity disputes 7, 10, 14, 21n 6,
93–94
Ludd, Ned 3
Luddites 3–4, 196
Luhmann, Niklas 28–35, 46, 49, 76,
95–98, 102–105, 117, 129, 161–163
machine learning 4, 42, 65
Maine, Henry James Sumner 144–146
maintenance costs 6
market courts 14
mass media: and information/
non-information code 46, 50; as social
system 46–47
McCarthy, Thomas 34
McLuhan, Marshall 16, 39, 44–46, 65
media: and communication theory 45;
and technology 36, 45; change brought
by 45–46; see also mass media; social
media
medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) 62
money 32, 33
moral communication 163–164, 167,
170–172
morality 162–165
Mutanen, Anu 115–116, 134, 147
national boundaries 88
nation-state 17, 68, 69; and ADR 89;
demise of 132; and dispute resolution
technology 6; emergence of 88; and
globalisation 115; and legal system
117–118; and private enforcement
90–92; see also state
natural laws 35, 97, 114, 164
negotiation systems 43
neoliberalism 13
Neolithic Revolution 44
Neoluddites 4
Netherlands 61
neural networks 4, 65
New York Convention on the Recognition
and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral
Awards (1958) 10, 73, 74, 121,
123–125, 128, 148
Nordic civil law 20
Nordic countries 18
Northpointe Compas 61
objectification 65, 66
ODR see online dispute resolution
offers 146
online arbitration 23n22, 188
online compliance 10–11
online dating 79
online dispute resolution (ODR) 5–7,
16, 73–74, 90–92, 98, 119–120, 133,
187; and ADR 42–43; binding 7; Civil
Justice Council on 42; and courtroom
technology 63–64; as ‘disruptive
technology’ 43–44; and due process 7,
90; EU regulation 7, 41, 126; examples of
60–63; non-binding 7; and private
enforcement on e-commerce
private providers 7; research on
18–19; role of digital technologies
in 7; and self-enforcement 19; software
for decision-making 42; UNCITRAL on
42; uniform procedural rules for
125–129; unpopularity 101
online forms 43
operative couplings 96
pacta sunt survanda 72
paradoxes 36; of law 34–37; see also
deparadoxification
parking ticket disputes 61, 62
partnerships 145
Pasquale, Frank 183
patent law 8
Paterson, John 35
payment platforms 12
PayPal 12, 63, 76–77
Peace of Westphalia 88, 104
physical interaction 42–43
physical objects 45
political system 32
politics 34
power 32, 34, 39
precautionary measures 8
pre-dispute arbitration 126
primus motor 160
printing press 48
Printing Revolution 48
216 Index
letting 145
Leviathan 113
lex fori 121
lex mercatoria 14, 68–69, 118, 143,
147–148
light bulbs 45
litigation, and ADR 97, 149–151;
cross-border 7, 120; state 17,
104, 105, 108n27, 119, 131,
133, 160
Locke, John 113–115, 135
low-intensity disputes 7, 10, 14, 21n 6,
93–94
Ludd, Ned 3
Luddites 3–4, 196
Luhmann, Niklas 28–35, 46, 49, 76,
95–98, 102–105, 117, 129, 161–163
machine learning 4, 42, 65
Maine, Henry James Sumner 144–146
maintenance costs 6
market courts 14
mass media: and information/
non-information code 46, 50; as social
system 46–47
McCarthy, Thomas 34
McLuhan, Marshall 16, 39, 44–46, 65
media: and communication theory 45;
and technology 36, 45; change brought
by 45–46; see also mass media; social
media
medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) 62
money 32, 33
moral communication 163–164, 167,
170–172
morality 162–165
Mutanen, Anu 115–116, 134, 147
national boundaries 88
nation-state 17, 68, 69; and ADR 89;
demise of 132; and dispute resolution
technology 6; emergence of 88; and
globalisation 115; and legal system
117–118; and private enforcement
90–92; see also state
natural laws 35, 97, 114, 164
negotiation systems 43
neoliberalism 13
Neolithic Revolution 44
Neoluddites 4
Netherlands 61
neural networks 4, 65
New York Convention on the Recognition
and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral
Awards (1958) 10, 73, 74, 121,
123–125, 128, 148
Nordic civil law 20
Nordic countries 18
Northpointe Compas 61
objectification 65, 66
ODR see online dispute resolution
offers 146
online arbitration 23n22, 188
online compliance 10–11
online dating 79
online dispute resolution (ODR) 5–7,
16, 73–74, 90–92, 98, 119–120, 133,
187; and ADR 42–43; binding 7; Civil
Justice Council on 42; and courtroom
technology 63–64; as ‘disruptive
technology’ 43–44; and due process 7,
90; EU regulation 7, 41, 126; examples of
60–63; non-binding 7; and private
enforcement on e-commerce
private providers 7; research on
18–19; role of digital technologies
in 7; and self-enforcement 19; software
for decision-making 42; UNCITRAL on
42; uniform procedural rules for
125–129; unpopularity 101
online forms 43
operative couplings 96
pacta sunt survanda 72
paradoxes 36; of law 34–37; see also
deparadoxification
parking ticket disputes 61, 62
partnerships 145
Pasquale, Frank 183
patent law 8
Paterson, John 35
payment platforms 12
PayPal 12, 63, 76–77
Peace of Westphalia 88, 104
physical interaction 42–43
physical objects 45
political system 32
politics 34
power 32, 34, 39
precautionary measures 8
pre-dispute arbitration 126
primus motor 160
printing press 48
Printing Revolution 48
216 Index