private arbitration 9–10
private autonomy 16, 142, 144–148,
151–154, 169
private enforcement 8, 13–16, 70–78, 80,
89–92, 99–101, 192–193; acceptability
of 181, 188; alternative mechanisms
73–78; and consent 153–154; and
contracts 152; creating standards for 134;
as a delegation of power 131; disruptive
element of 94; and due process 181; on
e-commerce platforms 11–12, 129; future
of 186–189; justification for 91, 102–6,
109, 135, 141, 144, 148, 154–155,
159–160, 162, 171–172, 179–181,
192–3; and sovereignty 94, 121, 154; and
the state 90–91, 94, 131–133, 149; and
systems theory 28–29; and technology
33, 35–39, 41, 63, 68–69; see also
enforcement
private governance 13–15, 17, 24n33
private law 14
private ordering 14
privatisation: of coercion 8,
40, 67, 69, 87, 92–95, 192–194;
dispute resolution 5; of
enforcement 5, 60, 72, 92
procedural law doctrine 16
promises 146
property 33; freedom of 146
public courts 9
public sphere 34
Puurunen, Tapio 19
Reality of Mass Media, The 46
Rechtswijzer portal 62
recidivism 61
recognition procedure 10, 73
record-keeping 44
Red Brigade 99
reflexive law 34–35
Reichel, André 47, 49
reification 65
Reiling, Dory 18
religion 164
repeat player effect 152
reputational systems 10, 13, 19, 71,
74, 90, 181
risk assessment 65
Roman law 142, 145–146, 148
sales 145
Sander, Frank 150
Schiavetta, Susan 18
Schultz, Thomas 39, 43, 68
science 39; see also science system
science and technology studies (STS) 45
science system 32, 39, 79
scientific knowledge 39
scientific revolution 30
sedition 99
self-contradiction 36
self-enforcement 74; direct 19; indirect 19
self-governance 14
self-presentation 61
self-production 31, 32, 34, 95–96,
98–100
self-renewal 36, 92
settlement support tools 62
Sicilian Mafia 14
silencing acts 99
small claims 61
smart contracts 13, 65; self-executing
12–13, 184–185
SMEs see medium-sized enterprises
social behaviour 34
social change 48
social class 45
social conflicts 37
social constructivism 38
social contract theories 113–115, 144
social engineering 34
social expectations 70
social meaning 38, 50
social media 47
social norms 45
social order 30, 36
social practices 36, 39; objectification of 65;
and technology 44, 47
social relations 65
social stratification 97
social support 36
social system theory 34–37
social work 36
society 5, 29–30, 51n3; digitalisation of 40;
and enforcement 28; evolution of 30;
functionally differentiated 29; and
expansion of public activities 146; and
interlinked communication 30; and
knowledge 36; modern 130, 163
‘soft fork’ 185
soft law 39
software: for assessing risk of recidivism 61;
automated translation 43, 62; case
management 5; for decision-making in
ODR 42; legal technology 7–8
South Korea 186
Index 217
private autonomy 16, 142, 144–148,
151–154, 169
private enforcement 8, 13–16, 70–78, 80,
89–92, 99–101, 192–193; acceptability
of 181, 188; alternative mechanisms
73–78; and consent 153–154; and
contracts 152; creating standards for 134;
as a delegation of power 131; disruptive
element of 94; and due process 181; on
e-commerce platforms 11–12, 129; future
of 186–189; justification for 91, 102–6,
109, 135, 141, 144, 148, 154–155,
159–160, 162, 171–172, 179–181,
192–3; and sovereignty 94, 121, 154; and
the state 90–91, 94, 131–133, 149; and
systems theory 28–29; and technology
33, 35–39, 41, 63, 68–69; see also
enforcement
private governance 13–15, 17, 24n33
private law 14
private ordering 14
privatisation: of coercion 8,
40, 67, 69, 87, 92–95, 192–194;
dispute resolution 5; of
enforcement 5, 60, 72, 92
procedural law doctrine 16
promises 146
property 33; freedom of 146
public courts 9
public sphere 34
Puurunen, Tapio 19
Reality of Mass Media, The 46
Rechtswijzer portal 62
recidivism 61
recognition procedure 10, 73
record-keeping 44
Red Brigade 99
reflexive law 34–35
Reichel, André 47, 49
reification 65
Reiling, Dory 18
religion 164
repeat player effect 152
reputational systems 10, 13, 19, 71,
74, 90, 181
risk assessment 65
Roman law 142, 145–146, 148
sales 145
Sander, Frank 150
Schiavetta, Susan 18
Schultz, Thomas 39, 43, 68
science 39; see also science system
science and technology studies (STS) 45
science system 32, 39, 79
scientific knowledge 39
scientific revolution 30
sedition 99
self-contradiction 36
self-enforcement 74; direct 19; indirect 19
self-governance 14
self-presentation 61
self-production 31, 32, 34, 95–96,
98–100
self-renewal 36, 92
settlement support tools 62
Sicilian Mafia 14
silencing acts 99
small claims 61
smart contracts 13, 65; self-executing
12–13, 184–185
SMEs see medium-sized enterprises
social behaviour 34
social change 48
social class 45
social conflicts 37
social constructivism 38
social contract theories 113–115, 144
social engineering 34
social expectations 70
social meaning 38, 50
social media 47
social norms 45
social order 30, 36
social practices 36, 39; objectification of 65;
and technology 44, 47
social relations 65
social stratification 97
social support 36
social system theory 34–37
social work 36
society 5, 29–30, 51n3; digitalisation of 40;
and enforcement 28; evolution of 30;
functionally differentiated 29; and
expansion of public activities 146; and
interlinked communication 30; and
knowledge 36; modern 130, 163
‘soft fork’ 185
soft law 39
software: for assessing risk of recidivism 61;
automated translation 43, 62; case
management 5; for decision-making in
ODR 42; legal technology 7–8
South Korea 186
Index 217