human interaction 36
human rights 18, 169; as source of
justification 104; universal 160
Human Rights Committee 160
ICANN see Internet Corporation for
Assigned Names and Numbers
ICCPR see International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
ICOs see initial coin offerings
ICT see information and communication
technologies
information: distribution of 14; legal 6, 62,
64; see also information and
communication technologies (ICT);
information/non-information code
information and communication
technologies (ICT) 27, 60; applications
41; and control of information 44; and
dispute resolution 99–102; as emergent
social system 48–50
information/non-information code 46, 50
initial coin offerings (ICOs) 186
injunctions 8
insurance mechanisms 19
international arbitration 9, 73, 149
International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights 165
International Covenant on Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights (ICCPR) 160
Internet 41, 68; service providers 8
Internet-based legal services 64
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names
and Numbers (ICANN) 7, 12, 19, 21n8,
187, 188, 192; dispute resolution
procedure 74–75
interpenetration 33–34
interpretation 96
Jasanoff, Sheila 36
judges 42
‘judgment funds’ 19
judicial redress 78, 187
judicial ritual 78
justice 16–18, 72, 159–173
justification 78–80; access to justice as
source of 160; as autopoiesis 95, 98–100;
of coercion 16, 78; consent as the source
of 17; establishing 103–106; and human
rights 104; as interpretation 96; as
interrelationship 179–182; as ‘law’s
programme’ 95–98; for legal system
95–103; for private enforcement 28, 91,
102–6, 109, 135, 141, 144, 148,
154–155, 159–160, 162, 171–172,
179–181, 192–3; for silencing acts 99; as
structural couplings 100–103; through
technology 182–186
King, Michael 30, 35
Kittler, Friedrich 16, 36, 40, 46
knowledge 36; democratisation of 48;
scientific 39
Kobayashi, Ichiro 72
Kosskeniemi, Martti 17
K.S. v Finland 167
Kuhn, Thomas 38
labour costs 6, 43
labour laws 146
laissez-faire liberalism 142
language 47, 62, 96
Latour, Bruno 45, 49, 67
law: closed 32–34; and coercion 27–29,
31; and communication 31; customary
147; enforceability of 70; and
expectations 31, 50; and legal system
32; legitimacy of 28, 35, 37, 70; natural
35, 97, 114, 164; normativity of 29, 31,
37, 50; open 32–34; paradox of 34–37,
75, 91; and politics 34; programmes
95–98; reflexive 34–35; Roman 142,
145–146, 148; soft 39; and stability
29–32; and systems theory 29–39; and
technology 46–48, 50–51; and violence
28, 35, 70–71
Lawyer Ross 62
Lederer, Fredric 18
legal anthropology 38
legal information 6, 62, 64
legal pluralism 17, 68
legal positivism 30
legal protection 31, 119, 153,
181, 186
legal regulation 17, 44
legal representation 61
legal rights 62, 100, 146, 184
legal system: and functional differentiation
30; justification for 95–103; and law 32;
and nation-state 117–118; and social
communication 31
legal technology 6–8, 15, 40; software 7–8;
studies 38
legitimacy: of coercion 70; dispute
resolution 5, 78; of judicial institutions
78; of law 37
Index 215
human rights 18, 169; as source of
justification 104; universal 160
Human Rights Committee 160
ICANN see Internet Corporation for
Assigned Names and Numbers
ICCPR see International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
ICOs see initial coin offerings
ICT see information and communication
technologies
information: distribution of 14; legal 6, 62,
64; see also information and
communication technologies (ICT);
information/non-information code
information and communication
technologies (ICT) 27, 60; applications
41; and control of information 44; and
dispute resolution 99–102; as emergent
social system 48–50
information/non-information code 46, 50
initial coin offerings (ICOs) 186
injunctions 8
insurance mechanisms 19
international arbitration 9, 73, 149
International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights 165
International Covenant on Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights (ICCPR) 160
Internet 41, 68; service providers 8
Internet-based legal services 64
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names
and Numbers (ICANN) 7, 12, 19, 21n8,
187, 188, 192; dispute resolution
procedure 74–75
interpenetration 33–34
interpretation 96
Jasanoff, Sheila 36
judges 42
‘judgment funds’ 19
judicial redress 78, 187
judicial ritual 78
justice 16–18, 72, 159–173
justification 78–80; access to justice as
source of 160; as autopoiesis 95, 98–100;
of coercion 16, 78; consent as the source
of 17; establishing 103–106; and human
rights 104; as interpretation 96; as
interrelationship 179–182; as ‘law’s
programme’ 95–98; for legal system
95–103; for private enforcement 28, 91,
102–6, 109, 135, 141, 144, 148,
154–155, 159–160, 162, 171–172,
179–181, 192–3; for silencing acts 99; as
structural couplings 100–103; through
technology 182–186
King, Michael 30, 35
Kittler, Friedrich 16, 36, 40, 46
knowledge 36; democratisation of 48;
scientific 39
Kobayashi, Ichiro 72
Kosskeniemi, Martti 17
K.S. v Finland 167
Kuhn, Thomas 38
labour costs 6, 43
labour laws 146
laissez-faire liberalism 142
language 47, 62, 96
Latour, Bruno 45, 49, 67
law: closed 32–34; and coercion 27–29,
31; and communication 31; customary
147; enforceability of 70; and
expectations 31, 50; and legal system
32; legitimacy of 28, 35, 37, 70; natural
35, 97, 114, 164; normativity of 29, 31,
37, 50; open 32–34; paradox of 34–37,
75, 91; and politics 34; programmes
95–98; reflexive 34–35; Roman 142,
145–146, 148; soft 39; and stability
29–32; and systems theory 29–39; and
technology 46–48, 50–51; and violence
28, 35, 70–71
Lawyer Ross 62
Lederer, Fredric 18
legal anthropology 38
legal information 6, 62, 64
legal pluralism 17, 68
legal positivism 30
legal protection 31, 119, 153,
181, 186
legal regulation 17, 44
legal representation 61
legal rights 62, 100, 146, 184
legal system: and functional differentiation
30; justification for 95–103; and law 32;
and nation-state 117–118; and social
communication 31
legal technology 6–8, 15, 40; software 7–8;
studies 38
legitimacy: of coercion 70; dispute
resolution 5, 78; of judicial institutions
78; of law 37
Index 215