dispute resolution: through chargebacks 11;
and conflict prevention 13, 61;
in 148–154; and digital technologies
4–7, 16; and direct enforcement of
ICANN 12, 13, 68, 69; emergence of
private regimes 68–69; and ICT
99–102; legitimacy of 5, 78; monopoly
of state on 17, 116–120, 131, 133–134,
153, 194; private 5, 92–93, 100–101,
111, 120, 124–125, 150, 194; public 9,
61, 63, 78, 88, 111, 120, 150–151;
‘softer’ methods 151, 181; and
sovereignty 116–133; taxonomy
63–65; and technology
40–46, 60–67
‘disruptive technology’ 16, 43–44, 46
divorce 61
document cameras 43
document generation 6
domain names 12, 75
DoNotPay 62
due process 165–169, 172; and online
dispute resolution 7, 90; and private
dispute resolution procedures 10, 18; and
private enforcement 181; source of
94–95; violation of 17
e-archiving 6
eBay 12, 39; enforcement mechanism 74;
Money Back Guarantee 76–77; online
dispute resolution (ODR) 7; Resolution
Center 62–63, 68, 76–77; user agreement
76–78
e-billing systems 7
ECHR see European Convention on Human
Rights
e-commerce 5, 7, 10–14, 21n6
economic system 32
ECtHR see European Court of Human
Rights
e-identification 61
email 6
enforcement 8–15; through chargebacks 11;
and coercion 14–15, 35, 72; contractual
character 13, 152; definition of 69–70;
and digital technologies 15–16, 18, 35;
on e-commerce platforms 11–13; of
ICANN 12; justification of 28; as
legitimised violence 28; methodological
challenge of 37–40; privatisation of 5,
60, 72, 92; public 8–10; research on 19;
role of 69–73; through self-executing
smart contracts 12–13, 184–185;
traditional models 13; see also private
enforcement; self-enforcement
England 3–4
equality 166
escrows 19
Ethereum network 184–185
ethical issues 61, 162–165
EU Commission 44, 62
European Convention on Human Rights
(ECHR) 160, 165
European Court of Human Rights
(ECtHR) 18, 104, 121, 162,
166–169, 188
European Union (EU) 186; ADR
Directive 7; Charter of Fundamental
Rights 104; directive on the enforcement
of intellectual property rights 8;
Evidence Regulation 6; legislation on
consumer arbitration 126; ODR
regulations 7, 41, 44, 62; and
sovereignty 115
exequatur procedures 73
expectations 31, 50
‘extension thesis’ 45
face-to-face (F2F) communication 42–43
fair trial 121, 165, 167–168
feedback systems 74, 75
files (Akten) 36
Finland 61, 122–123, 167–168
Fischer-Lescano, Andreas 36–37
flight delays 62
FlightRight 62
force 16, 71–72
Foucault, Michel 112
Frame-Breaking Act (1812) 3
fraudulent behaviour 14
free choice 146
freedom of contract 72, 129, 142–143, 146
freedom of property 146
functional differentiation 30
global commonwealth 114
global domain system 12
globalisation 35, 103, 117, 131–2; and
sovereignty 115–116
Habermas, Jürgen 34, 37
‘hard fork’ 185
hiring 145
Hobbes, Thomas 113–114, 131, 135
Hörnle, Julia 18, 43, 111, 149
Horsby v Greece 169
214 Index
and conflict prevention 13, 61;
in 148–154; and digital technologies
4–7, 16; and direct enforcement of
ICANN 12, 13, 68, 69; emergence of
private regimes 68–69; and ICT
99–102; legitimacy of 5, 78; monopoly
of state on 17, 116–120, 131, 133–134,
153, 194; private 5, 92–93, 100–101,
111, 120, 124–125, 150, 194; public 9,
61, 63, 78, 88, 111, 120, 150–151;
‘softer’ methods 151, 181; and
sovereignty 116–133; taxonomy
63–65; and technology
40–46, 60–67
‘disruptive technology’ 16, 43–44, 46
divorce 61
document cameras 43
document generation 6
domain names 12, 75
DoNotPay 62
due process 165–169, 172; and online
dispute resolution 7, 90; and private
dispute resolution procedures 10, 18; and
private enforcement 181; source of
94–95; violation of 17
e-archiving 6
eBay 12, 39; enforcement mechanism 74;
Money Back Guarantee 76–77; online
dispute resolution (ODR) 7; Resolution
Center 62–63, 68, 76–77; user agreement
76–78
e-billing systems 7
ECHR see European Convention on Human
Rights
e-commerce 5, 7, 10–14, 21n6
economic system 32
ECtHR see European Court of Human
Rights
e-identification 61
email 6
enforcement 8–15; through chargebacks 11;
and coercion 14–15, 35, 72; contractual
character 13, 152; definition of 69–70;
and digital technologies 15–16, 18, 35;
on e-commerce platforms 11–13; of
ICANN 12; justification of 28; as
legitimised violence 28; methodological
challenge of 37–40; privatisation of 5,
60, 72, 92; public 8–10; research on 19;
role of 69–73; through self-executing
smart contracts 12–13, 184–185;
traditional models 13; see also private
enforcement; self-enforcement
England 3–4
equality 166
escrows 19
Ethereum network 184–185
ethical issues 61, 162–165
EU Commission 44, 62
European Convention on Human Rights
(ECHR) 160, 165
European Court of Human Rights
(ECtHR) 18, 104, 121, 162,
166–169, 188
European Union (EU) 186; ADR
Directive 7; Charter of Fundamental
Rights 104; directive on the enforcement
of intellectual property rights 8;
Evidence Regulation 6; legislation on
consumer arbitration 126; ODR
regulations 7, 41, 44, 62; and
sovereignty 115
exequatur procedures 73
expectations 31, 50
‘extension thesis’ 45
face-to-face (F2F) communication 42–43
fair trial 121, 165, 167–168
feedback systems 74, 75
files (Akten) 36
Finland 61, 122–123, 167–168
Fischer-Lescano, Andreas 36–37
flight delays 62
FlightRight 62
force 16, 71–72
Foucault, Michel 112
Frame-Breaking Act (1812) 3
fraudulent behaviour 14
free choice 146
freedom of contract 72, 129, 142–143, 146
freedom of property 146
functional differentiation 30
global commonwealth 114
global domain system 12
globalisation 35, 103, 117, 131–2; and
sovereignty 115–116
Habermas, Jürgen 34, 37
‘hard fork’ 185
hiring 145
Hobbes, Thomas 113–114, 131, 135
Hörnle, Julia 18, 43, 111, 149
Horsby v Greece 169
214 Index