civil justice: public confidence in 78; reforms
6, 61, 63; systems 19, 42
Civil Justice Council 42
Civil Resolution Tribunal 61
Clarke, Arthur C 196
client portals 7
coding: of the economic system 75; of the
legal system 75, 96–97; system-specific
31–32, 49
coercion: and enforcement 14–15, 35; and
digital technologies 40; justification for
16, 78; and law 27–29, 31; legitimisation
of 70; mechanisms for 8; privatisation of
8, 19–20, 40, 67, 69, 87, 92–85,
192–194
cognitive labour 4, 196
cognitive openness 33, 34
colonies 14
commissions 145
communication: face-to-face (F2F) 42–43;
and human consciousness 33, 96; and law
31; moral 163; and non-binding
resolution mechanisms 42; platforms 62;
in social system theory 30
complaint management systems 62
computation 41, 183–184, 186
computer judges 4
computers 40–41, 47, 58n89, 64
computing 42, 96
conflict: ownership of 109–111, 142;
resolution 97; social function of 111; see
also conflict management; conflict
prevention
conflict management 19, 111;
augmented by technology 6;
historical development 38; private 6;
monopoly of 17
conflict prevention: and dispute resolution
13, 61; and e-commerce 10; and selfexecuting contracts 13
consciousness 33, 46, 67, 96
consent 141–154; and ADR 150; in
dispute resolution 148–154; limits
and private enforcement 153–154;
Roman law 145; as source of
and sovereignty 144; validity
of 153
constitutions 33–34, 117, 122
Consumer Disputes Board 123
consumer protection 61, 93, 127–128,
146, 188
contract 33; automation 65; compulsory
146; consent-based 145–146; freedom of
72, 129, 142–143, 146; literal 145; and
private enforcement 152; real 145; types
of 145–147; verbal 145; see also contract
law; smart contracts; social contract
theories
contract law 72, 150, 153–154; origins of
165–166
corporate responsibility 72, 90
Cortés, Pablo 18, 19, 42–43
cotton industry 14
Council of Europe 70, 121, 160, 167–168
courtroom technology 5–6, 8, 18; and ODR
63–64
courts 9–10; cross-border proceedings
22n20; fees 73; market 14; public 9
credit card companies 73; chargeback
processes 11, 23n24; online dispute
resolution (ODR) 7
crimes against the machines 3
critical systems theory 36–37
cross-border commerce 14
cross-border court proceedings 22n20
cross-border disputes 6; fourth party
analogy 65–66; and the Internet 93–94;
jurisdictional problems 43; and traditional
ideal model 87–92
cross-border litigation 7, 120
crowd sourcing 42
cryptocurrencies 12, 65, 182–183
Cunningham, Alan 185
customary law 143, 147
cybercrime 133
Cyberjustice Laboratory 18
cyber threats 132–133
cybersquatting 75
DAO hack 184–185, 195
data analytics 4
death punishment 3
debt recovery 9, 10, 13
decision-making: algorithmic tools for 43;
automated 65; software for 42
deconstruction 28, 38
democracy 114
deparadoxification 35–37, 39, 71
Derrida, Jacques 28, 70
diamond industry 14
digitalisation 40–41, 48, 189, 192
digital technologies 41; auxiliary role 6;
and dispute resolution 4–7, 16;
disruptive qualities 32, 38; and
enforcement 15–16, 18, 35; and
privatisation of coercion 40
Index 213
6, 61, 63; systems 19, 42
Civil Justice Council 42
Civil Resolution Tribunal 61
Clarke, Arthur C 196
client portals 7
coding: of the economic system 75; of the
legal system 75, 96–97; system-specific
31–32, 49
coercion: and enforcement 14–15, 35; and
digital technologies 40; justification for
16, 78; and law 27–29, 31; legitimisation
of 70; mechanisms for 8; privatisation of
8, 19–20, 40, 67, 69, 87, 92–85,
192–194
cognitive labour 4, 196
cognitive openness 33, 34
colonies 14
commissions 145
communication: face-to-face (F2F) 42–43;
and human consciousness 33, 96; and law
31; moral 163; and non-binding
resolution mechanisms 42; platforms 62;
in social system theory 30
complaint management systems 62
computation 41, 183–184, 186
computer judges 4
computers 40–41, 47, 58n89, 64
computing 42, 96
conflict: ownership of 109–111, 142;
resolution 97; social function of 111; see
also conflict management; conflict
prevention
conflict management 19, 111;
augmented by technology 6;
historical development 38; private 6;
monopoly of 17
conflict prevention: and dispute resolution
13, 61; and e-commerce 10; and selfexecuting contracts 13
consciousness 33, 46, 67, 96
consent 141–154; and ADR 150; in
dispute resolution 148–154; limits
and private enforcement 153–154;
Roman law 145; as source of
and sovereignty 144; validity
of 153
constitutions 33–34, 117, 122
Consumer Disputes Board 123
consumer protection 61, 93, 127–128,
146, 188
contract 33; automation 65; compulsory
146; consent-based 145–146; freedom of
72, 129, 142–143, 146; literal 145; and
private enforcement 152; real 145; types
of 145–147; verbal 145; see also contract
law; smart contracts; social contract
theories
contract law 72, 150, 153–154; origins of
165–166
corporate responsibility 72, 90
Cortés, Pablo 18, 19, 42–43
cotton industry 14
Council of Europe 70, 121, 160, 167–168
courtroom technology 5–6, 8, 18; and ODR
63–64
courts 9–10; cross-border proceedings
22n20; fees 73; market 14; public 9
credit card companies 73; chargeback
processes 11, 23n24; online dispute
resolution (ODR) 7
crimes against the machines 3
critical systems theory 36–37
cross-border commerce 14
cross-border court proceedings 22n20
cross-border disputes 6; fourth party
analogy 65–66; and the Internet 93–94;
jurisdictional problems 43; and traditional
ideal model 87–92
cross-border litigation 7, 120
crowd sourcing 42
cryptocurrencies 12, 65, 182–183
Cunningham, Alan 185
customary law 143, 147
cybercrime 133
Cyberjustice Laboratory 18
cyber threats 132–133
cybersquatting 75
DAO hack 184–185, 195
data analytics 4
death punishment 3
debt recovery 9, 10, 13
decision-making: algorithmic tools for 43;
automated 65; software for 42
deconstruction 28, 38
democracy 114
deparadoxification 35–37, 39, 71
Derrida, Jacques 28, 70
diamond industry 14
digitalisation 40–41, 48, 189, 192
digital technologies 41; auxiliary role 6;
and dispute resolution 4–7, 16;
disruptive qualities 32, 38; and
enforcement 15–16, 18, 35; and
privatisation of coercion 40
Index 213