hydrotreating process are given in the “▶ Hydrotreating in Petroleum Processing”
chapter. The straight run kerosene product destined for fuel oil and asphalt
blending is not necessarily desulfurized before routing to the respective blending
pools.
Some general specifications for the various finished products containing predominately kerosene are given in Table 5.
Straight run light gas oil. This cut is always desulfurized and routed to the
automotive diesel blending pool or to No. 2 Fuel Oil. It is the major component of
this finished product. Its four major specifications are:
• Cetane number
• Pour point
• Sulfur content
• Flashpoint
Another important requirement is its volatility as defined by the ASTM distillation analysis. Except for the sulfur content, these specifications are met by the set
points established in the atmospheric crude unit. Some kerosene may be blended to
lighten the front end of the finished product, if required, and some heavy gas oil or
light vacuum gas oil (LVGO) may be added to maximize the finished product yield,
but limited to the product’s ASTM distillation and the other specifications.
Note: Where the refinery configuration contains a thermal cracker, the gas oil cut
from this unit may, depending on the unit’s fractionator cut points, be added to the
light straight run gas oil as feed to the hydrotreater and its subsequent routing to the
diesel blending.
Straight run heavy gas oil. This cut could be a heavy side stream from the
atmospheric crude distillation tower, or, if there is a vacuum unit in the configuration, it could be one or more of the gas oil distillate cuts from this tower. Most
refineries that maximize motive fuels would have a cracking unit of some kind in
their configuration. More often than not, this would be a fluid catalytic process
taking as feed the heavy vacuum gas oil stream. Hydrocrackers are becoming
more common however, since they can make ultralow sulfur fuels directly.
Table 5 General specifications of kerosene finished products
Parameters
Reg kero
ATG
TVO
ASTM method
Flash point,
F
100
<66
100
D-56
Aromatics, % vol
–
20
–
D-1319
Temperature at 20 % max
293
F
–
D-86
Temperature at 50 % max
374
F
–
D-86
Temperature at 90 % max
473
F
540
F
D-86
Final boiling point
572
F
572
F
–
D-86
Sulfur max, % wt
0.04
0.04
0.3
D-1266
Smoke point, min
–
25 mm
25 mm
D-1322
Freeze point,
C
–
À47
–
D-2386
Petroleum Products and a Refinery Configuration
65
chapter. The straight run kerosene product destined for fuel oil and asphalt
blending is not necessarily desulfurized before routing to the respective blending
pools.
Some general specifications for the various finished products containing predominately kerosene are given in Table 5.
Straight run light gas oil. This cut is always desulfurized and routed to the
automotive diesel blending pool or to No. 2 Fuel Oil. It is the major component of
this finished product. Its four major specifications are:
• Cetane number
• Pour point
• Sulfur content
• Flashpoint
Another important requirement is its volatility as defined by the ASTM distillation analysis. Except for the sulfur content, these specifications are met by the set
points established in the atmospheric crude unit. Some kerosene may be blended to
lighten the front end of the finished product, if required, and some heavy gas oil or
light vacuum gas oil (LVGO) may be added to maximize the finished product yield,
but limited to the product’s ASTM distillation and the other specifications.
Note: Where the refinery configuration contains a thermal cracker, the gas oil cut
from this unit may, depending on the unit’s fractionator cut points, be added to the
light straight run gas oil as feed to the hydrotreater and its subsequent routing to the
diesel blending.
Straight run heavy gas oil. This cut could be a heavy side stream from the
atmospheric crude distillation tower, or, if there is a vacuum unit in the configuration, it could be one or more of the gas oil distillate cuts from this tower. Most
refineries that maximize motive fuels would have a cracking unit of some kind in
their configuration. More often than not, this would be a fluid catalytic process
taking as feed the heavy vacuum gas oil stream. Hydrocrackers are becoming
more common however, since they can make ultralow sulfur fuels directly.
Table 5 General specifications of kerosene finished products
Parameters
Reg kero
ATG
TVO
ASTM method
Flash point,
F
100
<66
100
D-56
Aromatics, % vol
–
20
–
D-1319
Temperature at 20 % max
293
F
–
D-86
Temperature at 50 % max
374
F
–
D-86
Temperature at 90 % max
473
F
540
F
D-86
Final boiling point
572
F
572
F
–
D-86
Sulfur max, % wt
0.04
0.04
0.3
D-1266
Smoke point, min
–
25 mm
25 mm
D-1322
Freeze point,
C
–
À47
–
D-2386
Petroleum Products and a Refinery Configuration
65