Hydride Transfer (Propylene Example)
C 3 H 6 + H +
C 3 H 7
+
(formation of propenium ion)
(Hydride transfer from isobutane to propenium ion)
(Alkylation)
(Overall: Propylene + 2 Isobutane propane + 224-TMP)
C 3 H 7
+ + iC 4 H 10 iC 4 H 9
+ + C 3 H 8
iC 4 H 9
+
iC 4 H 8 + H +
C 8 H 18
iC 4 H 8 + iC 4 H 10
C 3 H 6 + 2iC 4 H 10 C 3 H 8 + C 8 H 18
ð6Þ
Polymerization (Isobutylene Example)
iC 4 H 8 + iC 4 H 9
+
iC 8 H 17
+
iC 4 H 8 + iC 8 H 17
+
iC 12 H 25
+
iC 12 H 25
+ + iC 4 H 10
iC 12 H 26 + iC 4 H 9
+
(Overall: 2 Isobutylene + Isobutane Pentamethylheptane)
2iC 4 H 8 + iC 4 H 10
iC 12 H 26
ð7Þ
Cracking (Cracking of Heavy Ends from Isobutylene)
(Cracking)
(Hydride Transfer)
(Alkylation)
(Hydride Transfer)
(Overall: 2 Isobutylene + 2 Isobutane Isopentane + Isoundecane)
2iC 4 H 8 + iC 4 H 9
+
iC 12 H 25
+
iC 12 H 25
+
iC 7 H 14 + iC 5 H 11
+
iC 5 H 11
+ + iC 4 H 10 iC 5 H 12 + iC 4 H 9
+
iC 4 H 9
+ + iC 7 H 14
iC 11 H 23
+
iC 11 H 23
+ + iC 4 H 10
2iC 4 H 8 + 2iC 4 H 10 iC 5 H 12 + iC 11 H 24
iC 11 H 24 + iC 4 H 9
+
ð8Þ
Competition (Isopentane Alkylation)
C-C-C –C + C-C=C -C
C
Isopentane
2-Butene
C-C-C-C-C -C
|
C
|
|
C
C
2,2,5-TMH
|
ð9Þ
440
D.A. Nafis et al.