However, DL ¼ DV also predicts that the properties of spacetime specify a
maximum possible voltage. At Planck voltage V ¼ 1, therefore the distortion is
DL ¼ D. This is 100 % distortion of the volume within the cubic vacuum capacitor.
The spacetime model of charge predicts that it should be impossible to exceed this
voltage. A calculation similar to Eq. (34) shows that any size cubic vacuum
capacitor would form a black hole with radius of R s = D when the voltage equals
Planck voltage. Therefore this is another prediction of the spacetime-based model
which is verifiable.
6 Summary and Conclusion
This paper attempts to show that it is plausible for the entire universe to be made of
just 4 dimensional spacetime. The key step in this endeavor is that the large energy
density of the vacuum implied by quantum electrodynamics and quantum chromodynamics is characterized as a sea of dipole waves in spacetime with spatial
displacement amplitude of ÆL p (Planck length) and temporal displacement
amplitude of ÆT p (Planck time). These undetectable small amplitude waves exist in
spacetime which is a medium with impedance of Z s ¼ c
3
G % 4 Â 10
35 kg=s:
Therefore, the spacetime field is pictured as being a sea of these Planck
amplitude waves at all frequencies up to Planck frequency. This achieves a vacuum
energy density of about 10
113 J/m
3 required to explain zero point energy. These
waves have no angular momentum and would exhibit superfluid properties.
Quantized angular momentum present in spacetime since the Big Bang is proposed
to be isolated by the spacetime field into quantized units of h=2 which are the
fermions.
A model of a fundamental particle (fermion) has been suggested as a rotating
dipole wave distortion of the spacetime field. This dipole wave in spacetime is
propagating at the speed of light but is confined to a spherical volume one Compton
wavelength in circumference. The rotation frequency is equal to the particle’s
Compton frequency x c and the radius is equal to the reduced Compton wavelength
k c . An interaction with the surrounding spacetime field stabilizes this rotating wave.
This fermion model has quantifiable structure such as amplitude, frequency,
radius, etc. Therefore it is possible to confirm that this particle model plausibly
exhibits a particle’s energy, angular momentum, inertia and ability to appear to be a
point particle. This proposed model would also create a disturbance in the surrounding spacetime field. The nonlinear portion of the disturbance was shown to
have amplitude corresponding to the weak gravity curvature of spacetime. The
linear portion is proposed to be associated with the particle’s electric field. Also the
magnitude of the gravitational force was derived without making an analogy to
acceleration. The model makes predictions about the electrostatic and gravitational
forces. One prediction is that both forces scale as a fundamental function of
k c .
Equations (17–23) show that dramatic simplifications occur when separation is
expressed as N multiples of
k c . A second prediction is that these forces should be
Spacetime-Based Foundation of Quantum Mechanics …
243
maximum possible voltage. At Planck voltage V ¼ 1, therefore the distortion is
DL ¼ D. This is 100 % distortion of the volume within the cubic vacuum capacitor.
The spacetime model of charge predicts that it should be impossible to exceed this
voltage. A calculation similar to Eq. (34) shows that any size cubic vacuum
capacitor would form a black hole with radius of R s = D when the voltage equals
Planck voltage. Therefore this is another prediction of the spacetime-based model
which is verifiable.
6 Summary and Conclusion
This paper attempts to show that it is plausible for the entire universe to be made of
just 4 dimensional spacetime. The key step in this endeavor is that the large energy
density of the vacuum implied by quantum electrodynamics and quantum chromodynamics is characterized as a sea of dipole waves in spacetime with spatial
displacement amplitude of ÆL p (Planck length) and temporal displacement
amplitude of ÆT p (Planck time). These undetectable small amplitude waves exist in
spacetime which is a medium with impedance of Z s ¼ c
3
G % 4 Â 10
35 kg=s:
Therefore, the spacetime field is pictured as being a sea of these Planck
amplitude waves at all frequencies up to Planck frequency. This achieves a vacuum
energy density of about 10
113 J/m
3 required to explain zero point energy. These
waves have no angular momentum and would exhibit superfluid properties.
Quantized angular momentum present in spacetime since the Big Bang is proposed
to be isolated by the spacetime field into quantized units of h=2 which are the
fermions.
A model of a fundamental particle (fermion) has been suggested as a rotating
dipole wave distortion of the spacetime field. This dipole wave in spacetime is
propagating at the speed of light but is confined to a spherical volume one Compton
wavelength in circumference. The rotation frequency is equal to the particle’s
Compton frequency x c and the radius is equal to the reduced Compton wavelength
k c . An interaction with the surrounding spacetime field stabilizes this rotating wave.
This fermion model has quantifiable structure such as amplitude, frequency,
radius, etc. Therefore it is possible to confirm that this particle model plausibly
exhibits a particle’s energy, angular momentum, inertia and ability to appear to be a
point particle. This proposed model would also create a disturbance in the surrounding spacetime field. The nonlinear portion of the disturbance was shown to
have amplitude corresponding to the weak gravity curvature of spacetime. The
linear portion is proposed to be associated with the particle’s electric field. Also the
magnitude of the gravitational force was derived without making an analogy to
acceleration. The model makes predictions about the electrostatic and gravitational
forces. One prediction is that both forces scale as a fundamental function of
k c .
Equations (17–23) show that dramatic simplifications occur when separation is
expressed as N multiples of
k c . A second prediction is that these forces should be
Spacetime-Based Foundation of Quantum Mechanics …
243