related by a simple difference in exponents. Equations (15–21) support this
prediction.
Electric and magnetic fields were also proposed to be a distortion of spacetime.
A charge conversion constant g L p
q p was derived with units of meter/coulomb.
When this proposed constant is used to convert the Coulomb force constant 1=4pe o ,
it becomes Planck force c
4
G. Also, the impedance of free space Z o becomes the
impedance of spacetime Z s = c
3 /G. The conclusion is that photons experience the
same impedance as gravitational waves and therefore photons are proposed to be
quantized waves propagating in the medium of the spacetime field. Another prediction of this model is that EM radiation produces a physical distortion of
spacetime that would be measurable if the intensity could be made large enough.
The prediction implies that there should be a set of conditions which achieve a
maximum intensity limit. This transmission limit is confirmed because this limit
corresponds to the condition which makes a black hole. Similarly, the spacetime
model predicts that a vacuum capacitor has a maximum possible voltage. This limit
corresponds to the energy density that forms a black hole. All these factors give a
broad base of support for the proposed starting assumption—the universe is only
spacetime.
References
1. Misner CW, Thorne KS, Wheeler JA (1973) Gravitation. W. H. Freeman and Company, New
York, p 975
2. Milonni PW (1994) The quantum vacuum: an introduction to quantum electrodynamics.
Academic Press, San Diego, pp 9–16, 49
3. Padmanabhan T (1987) Limitations on the operational definition of spacetime events and
quantum gravity. Class Quantum Gravity 4:L107
4. Garay LJ (1995) Quantum gravity and minimum length. Int J Mod Phys A10:145–166. arXiv:
gr-qc/9403008
5. Baez JC, Olson SJ (2002) Uncertainty in measurements of distance. Class Quantum Gravity
19:L121–L125. http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0201030
6. Calmet X, Graesser M, Hsu SD (2004) Minimum length from quantum mechanics and general
relativity. Phys Rev Lett 93:211101. http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0405033
7. Calmet X (2008) On the precision of length measurement. Eur Phys J C54:501–505. http://
arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0701073
8. Blair DG, McClelland DE, Bachor HA, Sandeman RJ (1991). In: Blair DG (ed) The detection
of gravitational waves. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 45
9. Danaila I (2005) Three-dimensional vortex structure of a fast rotating Bose-Einstein
condensate with harmonic-plus-quartic confinement. http://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0503122.
pdf
10. Madison KW, Chevy F, Wohlleben W, Dalibard J (2000) Vortex lattices in a stirred BoseEinstein condensate. http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0004037
11. Yarmchuk EJ, Gordon MJ, Packard RE (1979) Observation of stationary vortex arrays in
rotating superfluid helium. Phys Rev Lett 43:214–217
12. Hobson A (2013) There are no particles, there are only fields. Am J Phys 81:211–223
13. Gibbons GW (2002) The maximum tension principle in general relativity. Found Phys
32:1891. http://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0210109v1.pdf
244
J.A. Macken
prediction.
Electric and magnetic fields were also proposed to be a distortion of spacetime.
A charge conversion constant g L p
q p was derived with units of meter/coulomb.
When this proposed constant is used to convert the Coulomb force constant 1=4pe o ,
it becomes Planck force c
4
G. Also, the impedance of free space Z o becomes the
impedance of spacetime Z s = c
3 /G. The conclusion is that photons experience the
same impedance as gravitational waves and therefore photons are proposed to be
quantized waves propagating in the medium of the spacetime field. Another prediction of this model is that EM radiation produces a physical distortion of
spacetime that would be measurable if the intensity could be made large enough.
The prediction implies that there should be a set of conditions which achieve a
maximum intensity limit. This transmission limit is confirmed because this limit
corresponds to the condition which makes a black hole. Similarly, the spacetime
model predicts that a vacuum capacitor has a maximum possible voltage. This limit
corresponds to the energy density that forms a black hole. All these factors give a
broad base of support for the proposed starting assumption—the universe is only
spacetime.
References
1. Misner CW, Thorne KS, Wheeler JA (1973) Gravitation. W. H. Freeman and Company, New
York, p 975
2. Milonni PW (1994) The quantum vacuum: an introduction to quantum electrodynamics.
Academic Press, San Diego, pp 9–16, 49
3. Padmanabhan T (1987) Limitations on the operational definition of spacetime events and
quantum gravity. Class Quantum Gravity 4:L107
4. Garay LJ (1995) Quantum gravity and minimum length. Int J Mod Phys A10:145–166. arXiv:
gr-qc/9403008
5. Baez JC, Olson SJ (2002) Uncertainty in measurements of distance. Class Quantum Gravity
19:L121–L125. http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0201030
6. Calmet X, Graesser M, Hsu SD (2004) Minimum length from quantum mechanics and general
relativity. Phys Rev Lett 93:211101. http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0405033
7. Calmet X (2008) On the precision of length measurement. Eur Phys J C54:501–505. http://
arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0701073
8. Blair DG, McClelland DE, Bachor HA, Sandeman RJ (1991). In: Blair DG (ed) The detection
of gravitational waves. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 45
9. Danaila I (2005) Three-dimensional vortex structure of a fast rotating Bose-Einstein
condensate with harmonic-plus-quartic confinement. http://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0503122.
10. Madison KW, Chevy F, Wohlleben W, Dalibard J (2000) Vortex lattices in a stirred BoseEinstein condensate. http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0004037
11. Yarmchuk EJ, Gordon MJ, Packard RE (1979) Observation of stationary vortex arrays in
rotating superfluid helium. Phys Rev Lett 43:214–217
12. Hobson A (2013) There are no particles, there are only fields. Am J Phys 81:211–223
13. Gibbons GW (2002) The maximum tension principle in general relativity. Found Phys
32:1891. http://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0210109v1.pdf
244
J.A. Macken