Tasks of Systems Integration ...................................................................... 120
Defining Terms............................................................................................. 123
General Ontology and Mereology of Integration.................................... 124
Nature of Physical Objects..................................................................... 125
Characterizing Objects for Integration ................................................ 126
Nature of Intellectual Objects ............................................................... 127
Objective Measures of Performance..................................................... 128
Value and Use: Objects ........................................................................... 129
Performance-Based Value........................................................................... 130
Subjective Value: Processes ........................................................................ 133
Management Processes .......................................................................... 138
Processes as Intellectual Property........................................................ 138
Subjective and Objective Ontology ........................................................... 139
Business Models........................................................................................... 141
Risk and Loss................................................................................................ 143
Prototype-Based Ontology, Logic, and Mereology................................. 144
Objects as Models ........................................................................................ 146
Objects as Black Boxes............................................................................ 146
Objects as Related to Functions ............................................................ 147
Summary Overview of Objects............................................................. 148
Integration Framework ............................................................................... 149
Integration as Mechanism .......................................................................... 151
Emergence..................................................................................................... 153
Dynamics of Integration ............................................................................. 153
Integrative Mechanisms......................................................................... 156
Exploring Integration Concepts............................................................ 157
Abstraction Classification of Integration ............................................. 160
Social Classification of Integration ....................................................... 161
Model Classification of Integration ...................................................... 162
Consolidation of Thoughts on Integration............................................... 164
Strategy of Integration................................................................................. 167
Power ............................................................................................................. 169
Model-Based Systems Integration ........................................................ 171
Most Effective Strategy for Integration................................................ 172
Axioms of Integration ................................................................................. 174
Endnotes........................................................................................................ 180
References ..................................................................................................... 180
4 Systems ......................................................................................................... 189
Systemness.................................................................................................... 192
Emergence..................................................................................................... 193
Interface......................................................................................................... 195
Functional Analysis..................................................................................... 197
Systems and Integration ............................................................................. 198
System of Systems and Integration ........................................................... 203
ix
Contents
Defining Terms............................................................................................. 123
General Ontology and Mereology of Integration.................................... 124
Nature of Physical Objects..................................................................... 125
Characterizing Objects for Integration ................................................ 126
Nature of Intellectual Objects ............................................................... 127
Objective Measures of Performance..................................................... 128
Value and Use: Objects ........................................................................... 129
Performance-Based Value........................................................................... 130
Subjective Value: Processes ........................................................................ 133
Management Processes .......................................................................... 138
Processes as Intellectual Property........................................................ 138
Subjective and Objective Ontology ........................................................... 139
Business Models........................................................................................... 141
Risk and Loss................................................................................................ 143
Prototype-Based Ontology, Logic, and Mereology................................. 144
Objects as Models ........................................................................................ 146
Objects as Black Boxes............................................................................ 146
Objects as Related to Functions ............................................................ 147
Summary Overview of Objects............................................................. 148
Integration Framework ............................................................................... 149
Integration as Mechanism .......................................................................... 151
Emergence..................................................................................................... 153
Dynamics of Integration ............................................................................. 153
Integrative Mechanisms......................................................................... 156
Exploring Integration Concepts............................................................ 157
Abstraction Classification of Integration ............................................. 160
Social Classification of Integration ....................................................... 161
Model Classification of Integration ...................................................... 162
Consolidation of Thoughts on Integration............................................... 164
Strategy of Integration................................................................................. 167
Power ............................................................................................................. 169
Model-Based Systems Integration ........................................................ 171
Most Effective Strategy for Integration................................................ 172
Axioms of Integration ................................................................................. 174
Endnotes........................................................................................................ 180
References ..................................................................................................... 180
4 Systems ......................................................................................................... 189
Systemness.................................................................................................... 192
Emergence..................................................................................................... 193
Interface......................................................................................................... 195
Functional Analysis..................................................................................... 197
Systems and Integration ............................................................................. 198
System of Systems and Integration ........................................................... 203
ix
Contents