Property, Trait, and Attribute....................................................................... 53
Property...................................................................................................... 53
Trait .............................................................................................................54
Attribute ..................................................................................................... 55
Summary of Property, Trait, and Attribute........................................... 56
Epistemology of Systems Engineering Integration................................... 57
Metrics ............................................................................................................. 57
General Nature of Objects ............................................................................ 60
Services and Products ................................................................................... 62
Objects .............................................................................................................63
Object Types...............................................................................................65
Constraint ....................................................................................................... 70
Frameworks .................................................................................................... 70
Process Frame ............................................................................................ 72
Object Frame.............................................................................................. 73
Key Variables ............................................................................................. 73
Essence of a Framework ........................................................................... 74
Causality ......................................................................................................... 75
Causality, Mechanisms, and Correlation ................................................... 79
Model for Objective Causalities...................................................................80
Objective Causalities Framework................................................................ 81
Objective Frame.........................................................................................84
Subjective Frame .......................................................................................85
Summary of Objective Causalities .........................................................85
Cognitive Domain ......................................................................................... 89
Procedural Domain ....................................................................................... 91
Model and Representation Domain ............................................................ 92
Function........................................................................................................... 93
Quality............................................................................................................. 98
References ....................................................................................................... 99
3 Foundations in Systems Integration....................................................... 103
Introduction.................................................................................................. 103
General Systems Thinking .................................................................... 105
Determining Systemness ....................................................................... 108
Stability..................................................................................................... 108
Metastability ............................................................................................ 111
Instability ................................................................................................. 112
Integration Perspective........................................................................... 112
Essence of Integration ................................................................................. 115
Purpose of Systems Integration ................................................................. 118
Automation .............................................................................................. 118
Technology............................................................................................... 118
Improvements.......................................................................................... 119
viii
Contents
Property...................................................................................................... 53
Trait .............................................................................................................54
Attribute ..................................................................................................... 55
Summary of Property, Trait, and Attribute........................................... 56
Epistemology of Systems Engineering Integration................................... 57
Metrics ............................................................................................................. 57
General Nature of Objects ............................................................................ 60
Services and Products ................................................................................... 62
Objects .............................................................................................................63
Object Types...............................................................................................65
Constraint ....................................................................................................... 70
Frameworks .................................................................................................... 70
Process Frame ............................................................................................ 72
Object Frame.............................................................................................. 73
Key Variables ............................................................................................. 73
Essence of a Framework ........................................................................... 74
Causality ......................................................................................................... 75
Causality, Mechanisms, and Correlation ................................................... 79
Model for Objective Causalities...................................................................80
Objective Causalities Framework................................................................ 81
Objective Frame.........................................................................................84
Subjective Frame .......................................................................................85
Summary of Objective Causalities .........................................................85
Cognitive Domain ......................................................................................... 89
Procedural Domain ....................................................................................... 91
Model and Representation Domain ............................................................ 92
Function........................................................................................................... 93
Quality............................................................................................................. 98
References ....................................................................................................... 99
3 Foundations in Systems Integration....................................................... 103
Introduction.................................................................................................. 103
General Systems Thinking .................................................................... 105
Determining Systemness ....................................................................... 108
Stability..................................................................................................... 108
Metastability ............................................................................................ 111
Instability ................................................................................................. 112
Integration Perspective........................................................................... 112
Essence of Integration ................................................................................. 115
Purpose of Systems Integration ................................................................. 118
Automation .............................................................................................. 118
Technology............................................................................................... 118
Improvements.......................................................................................... 119
viii
Contents