Organizational Models ............................................................................... 206
Conclusion .................................................................................................... 212
References ..................................................................................................... 212
5 Integration in Systems Engineering Context........................................ 215
Introduction to Systems Engineering ....................................................... 215
Nature of Systems Engineering ................................................................. 218
Issues with Systems Engineering .............................................................. 220
Limits of Systems Engineering .................................................................. 224
Ask “Why?” .............................................................................................225
Principle of Constraints.......................................................................... 226
Clarion Call for Changes in Systems Engineering ............................ 226
Holism ...................................................................................................... 227
Synthesis................................................................................................... 228
Work of the Systems Engineer .............................................................. 229
Systems and Engineering ........................................................................... 231
Charter of Systems Engineering................................................................ 232
Lifecycle Considerations............................................................................. 233
Lifecycle Success ..................................................................................... 235
Lifecycle Stages........................................................................................ 236
Lifecycle Measures.................................................................................. 240
Lifecycle Measure: Time.................................................................... 244
Lifecycle Measure: Cost..................................................................... 244
Lifecycle Metrics ..................................................................................... 245
Lifecycle Metric: Money .................................................................... 245
Lifecycle Metric: Performance.......................................................... 246
Lifecycle Metric: Complexity............................................................ 246
Lifecycle Sense......................................................................................... 246
Introduction to Defining the Problem ...................................................... 247
Defining the Problem .................................................................................. 248
Nested Problems ..................................................................................... 248
Hierarchical Problems............................................................................ 249
Like-Kind Problems................................................................................ 250
Problem Domain Analysis ......................................................................... 251
Characteristics of a Problem.................................................................. 252
Scope of a Problem.................................................................................. 253
Nature of a Problem................................................................................ 253
Domain of a Problem.............................................................................. 255
Systems Engineer’s Perspective of a Problem ..................................... 255
Stakeholder’s Perspective of a Problem ............................................... 256
Verification and a Problem .................................................................... 258
Integration and a Problem ..................................................................... 258
Characterizing the Need............................................................................. 259
Stakeholders.................................................................................................. 259
x
Contents
Conclusion .................................................................................................... 212
References ..................................................................................................... 212
5 Integration in Systems Engineering Context........................................ 215
Introduction to Systems Engineering ....................................................... 215
Nature of Systems Engineering ................................................................. 218
Issues with Systems Engineering .............................................................. 220
Limits of Systems Engineering .................................................................. 224
Ask “Why?” .............................................................................................225
Principle of Constraints.......................................................................... 226
Clarion Call for Changes in Systems Engineering ............................ 226
Holism ...................................................................................................... 227
Synthesis................................................................................................... 228
Work of the Systems Engineer .............................................................. 229
Systems and Engineering ........................................................................... 231
Charter of Systems Engineering................................................................ 232
Lifecycle Considerations............................................................................. 233
Lifecycle Success ..................................................................................... 235
Lifecycle Stages........................................................................................ 236
Lifecycle Measures.................................................................................. 240
Lifecycle Measure: Time.................................................................... 244
Lifecycle Measure: Cost..................................................................... 244
Lifecycle Metrics ..................................................................................... 245
Lifecycle Metric: Money .................................................................... 245
Lifecycle Metric: Performance.......................................................... 246
Lifecycle Metric: Complexity............................................................ 246
Lifecycle Sense......................................................................................... 246
Introduction to Defining the Problem ...................................................... 247
Defining the Problem .................................................................................. 248
Nested Problems ..................................................................................... 248
Hierarchical Problems............................................................................ 249
Like-Kind Problems................................................................................ 250
Problem Domain Analysis ......................................................................... 251
Characteristics of a Problem.................................................................. 252
Scope of a Problem.................................................................................. 253
Nature of a Problem................................................................................ 253
Domain of a Problem.............................................................................. 255
Systems Engineer’s Perspective of a Problem ..................................... 255
Stakeholder’s Perspective of a Problem ............................................... 256
Verification and a Problem .................................................................... 258
Integration and a Problem ..................................................................... 258
Characterizing the Need............................................................................. 259
Stakeholders.................................................................................................. 259
x
Contents