Plate� Tectonic Setting of Alluvial Basins
377
Table 11.3. Examples of modern and ancient fluvial deposits classified according to tectonic setting
Basin type�
1.1
!.2.1
!.2.2
!.3
!.4
2.2
2.3
2.4
3.1
3.3
4.1
4.3
5
Modern examplesb
East African rifts
Rio Grande rift, New Mexico
Fan deltas, Red Sea margins
Gulf Coast
Benue Trough
Sandurs, Iceland
Pacific coast, Chile
Pacific coast, Guatemala
Cagayan Basin, Luzon
Rifts in Aegean Sea
Upper Amazon basin
Bermejo Basin, Argentina
-Papuan basin, Papua� New Guinea
N. Anatolian basins, Turkey
Salton Trough, California
Dead Sea
Indus�Ganges Trough
Western plains of Taiwan
Baikal Rift, Russia
Tarim Basin, China
Lalce Hazar, Turkey
Lake Eyre
Lake Chad
• Numerical classification as in Table 11.2.
Ancient examples
Sadlerochit Fm, Alaska (Permian�Tr.)
Newark Gp., N. America (Triassic)
Bjarni Ss, Labrador (Cretaceous)
Woodbine-Tuscaloosa, Gulf Coast (Cret.)
Frio Formation, Gulf Coast (Oligocene)
Statfjord�Brent Ss, North Sea (Tr.-Jur.)
Latrobe Gp., Gippsland Basin (Tert,)
Natal Embayment, S. Africa (Paleozoic)
Old Red Ss (Dev), Midland Valley, Scotland
Kenai Gp, Cook Inlet (Tertiary)
Western Trough, Burma (Tertiary)
San Joaquin Basin, California (Olig.-Q,)
Luzon Central Valley, Philippines (Plio.-Q.)
Ordovician fluvial-deltaic systems, N. Wales
Carboniferous basins of N. England
Kayenta Formation, Colorado Plateau (Jur.)
(?) Songliao Basin, China (Cretaceous)
Tertiary ss ofW Japan
Basin-and-Range, USA (Cenozoic)
Hawkesbury Ss (Triassic), Sydney Basin
Hutton Ss, Eromanga Basin (Jurassic)
Rocky Mt. basin, Utah-Colorado (Cret.)
San Andreas system (U, Tertiary)
Ridge basin, California (Tertiary)
Catskill Delta, New York (Devonian)
Cherokee Gp., Arkoma Basin (Penn.)
Swiss Molasse Basin (Tertiary)
Siwalik Gp, India-Pakistan (Tertiary)
Aikawa, Ashigara basins, Japan (Tertiary)
Midland Valley, Scotland (Devonian)
Cutler Gp, Ancestral Rockies {Permo� Penn.)
Alberta Basin (Cret.� Tertiary)
Pattani Trough, offshore Thailand (Tertiary)
Late Paleozoic, Illinois Basin
b "Modern" in the sense that the current plate�tectonic classification of the basin is as shown. However, some of these
basins have had a very lengthy geological history, in some cases extending back to the Cretaceous.
strike-slip basins (Fig. 11.37). Fluvial deposits do not
occur in some types of basin, such as oceanic
trenches, subduction complexes, and remnant ocean
basins, because these basins are floored by oceanic
crust, and therefore are unlikely to include any areas
of nonmarine deposition. Nonmarine sedimenta�
tion is also very limited on oceanic seamounts and
plateaus for the same reason.
11.4.2 Extensional Basins
Crustal extension occurs in several distinct tectonic
settings. The stretching and rifting of major continental plates initiates the development of rift basins
(basin type 1.1 in Table 11.3) and failed rifts (basin
type 1.3) and is followed by the development
of broad continental-margin basins as a result of
377
Table 11.3. Examples of modern and ancient fluvial deposits classified according to tectonic setting
Basin type�
1.1
!.2.1
!.2.2
!.3
!.4
2.2
2.3
2.4
3.1
3.3
4.1
4.3
5
Modern examplesb
East African rifts
Rio Grande rift, New Mexico
Fan deltas, Red Sea margins
Gulf Coast
Benue Trough
Sandurs, Iceland
Pacific coast, Chile
Pacific coast, Guatemala
Cagayan Basin, Luzon
Rifts in Aegean Sea
Upper Amazon basin
Bermejo Basin, Argentina
-Papuan basin, Papua� New Guinea
N. Anatolian basins, Turkey
Salton Trough, California
Dead Sea
Indus�Ganges Trough
Western plains of Taiwan
Baikal Rift, Russia
Tarim Basin, China
Lalce Hazar, Turkey
Lake Eyre
Lake Chad
• Numerical classification as in Table 11.2.
Ancient examples
Sadlerochit Fm, Alaska (Permian�Tr.)
Newark Gp., N. America (Triassic)
Bjarni Ss, Labrador (Cretaceous)
Woodbine-Tuscaloosa, Gulf Coast (Cret.)
Frio Formation, Gulf Coast (Oligocene)
Statfjord�Brent Ss, North Sea (Tr.-Jur.)
Latrobe Gp., Gippsland Basin (Tert,)
Natal Embayment, S. Africa (Paleozoic)
Old Red Ss (Dev), Midland Valley, Scotland
Kenai Gp, Cook Inlet (Tertiary)
Western Trough, Burma (Tertiary)
San Joaquin Basin, California (Olig.-Q,)
Luzon Central Valley, Philippines (Plio.-Q.)
Ordovician fluvial-deltaic systems, N. Wales
Carboniferous basins of N. England
Kayenta Formation, Colorado Plateau (Jur.)
(?) Songliao Basin, China (Cretaceous)
Tertiary ss ofW Japan
Basin-and-Range, USA (Cenozoic)
Hawkesbury Ss (Triassic), Sydney Basin
Hutton Ss, Eromanga Basin (Jurassic)
Rocky Mt. basin, Utah-Colorado (Cret.)
San Andreas system (U, Tertiary)
Ridge basin, California (Tertiary)
Catskill Delta, New York (Devonian)
Cherokee Gp., Arkoma Basin (Penn.)
Swiss Molasse Basin (Tertiary)
Siwalik Gp, India-Pakistan (Tertiary)
Aikawa, Ashigara basins, Japan (Tertiary)
Midland Valley, Scotland (Devonian)
Cutler Gp, Ancestral Rockies {Permo� Penn.)
Alberta Basin (Cret.� Tertiary)
Pattani Trough, offshore Thailand (Tertiary)
Late Paleozoic, Illinois Basin
b "Modern" in the sense that the current plate�tectonic classification of the basin is as shown. However, some of these
basins have had a very lengthy geological history, in some cases extending back to the Cretaceous.
strike-slip basins (Fig. 11.37). Fluvial deposits do not
occur in some types of basin, such as oceanic
trenches, subduction complexes, and remnant ocean
basins, because these basins are floored by oceanic
crust, and therefore are unlikely to include any areas
of nonmarine deposition. Nonmarine sedimenta�
tion is also very limited on oceanic seamounts and
plateaus for the same reason.
11.4.2 Extensional Basins
Crustal extension occurs in several distinct tectonic
settings. The stretching and rifting of major continental plates initiates the development of rift basins
(basin type 1.1 in Table 11.3) and failed rifts (basin
type 1.3) and is followed by the development
of broad continental-margin basins as a result of