spectroscopies such as RIXS, IXS, and nuclear methods such as NFS and NRVS.
Now for the downside—an XFELO could be 10 or 15 years away, sad for old-timers
but manageable if you are just starting your synchrotron career.
12.6 Free-Electron Laser Laboratories
Now that hard X-ray FEL feasibility and benefits are firmly established, new projects
and upgrades are constantly coming on line. At the moment, there are only five truly
hard X-ray facilities (Appendix M), compared to dozens of storage ring-based
synchrotron facilities (Appendix B). There are also quite a few soft X-ray FELs,
some of which are listed in Appendix M. The scale of FEL facilities can be seen in
Fig. 12.8. Even the most compact X-ray FEL, SACLA, is 700 m long, while the
largest facility, the European XFEL, extends for 3.4 km.
Of course, what is most important is the instrumentation inside. Most of the
length is taken up by the electron accelerator, but the undulators are also more than
an order of magnitude longer than in storage rings (Fig. 12.9). For example, the
SASE1/2 undulators at the European XFEL stretch for over 175 m [573].
Fig. 12.8 Hard X-ray FEL sources around the world. Top left: SACLA at SPring-8. Top right:
SwissFEL. Middle left: LCLS and plans for LCLS-II. Middle right: a map showing extent of
European XFEL. Bottom: PAL-XFEL at Pohang Light Source
304
12 Free-Electron Lasers
Now for the downside—an XFELO could be 10 or 15 years away, sad for old-timers
but manageable if you are just starting your synchrotron career.
12.6 Free-Electron Laser Laboratories
Now that hard X-ray FEL feasibility and benefits are firmly established, new projects
and upgrades are constantly coming on line. At the moment, there are only five truly
hard X-ray facilities (Appendix M), compared to dozens of storage ring-based
synchrotron facilities (Appendix B). There are also quite a few soft X-ray FELs,
some of which are listed in Appendix M. The scale of FEL facilities can be seen in
Fig. 12.8. Even the most compact X-ray FEL, SACLA, is 700 m long, while the
largest facility, the European XFEL, extends for 3.4 km.
Of course, what is most important is the instrumentation inside. Most of the
length is taken up by the electron accelerator, but the undulators are also more than
an order of magnitude longer than in storage rings (Fig. 12.9). For example, the
SASE1/2 undulators at the European XFEL stretch for over 175 m [573].
Fig. 12.8 Hard X-ray FEL sources around the world. Top left: SACLA at SPring-8. Top right:
SwissFEL. Middle left: LCLS and plans for LCLS-II. Middle right: a map showing extent of
European XFEL. Bottom: PAL-XFEL at Pohang Light Source
304
12 Free-Electron Lasers