Fig. 7.15 Left: a water-cooled electromagnet XMCD system for electron yield detection
[303]. Right: schematic of a low-temperature XMCD instrument for paramagnetic samples
Fig. 7.16 Comparison of magnetization properties for ferromagnets and paramagnets. Top left: a
generic hysteresis curve for a ferromagnetic sample. Bottom left: magnetization curves obtained
from Co L-edge XMCD on a Fe 3 O 4 –CoO “nanoaggregate” system [312]. Top right: Brillouin
functions for paramagnets with different spins. Lower right: Fe XMCD magnetization curves
obtained at different temperatures on an antiferromagnetically coupled Cu–Fe system with S ¼ 2
[313]
184
7 XANES and XMCD