116. Wan ACA, Khor E, Hastings GW (1997) Hydroxyapatite modified chitin as potential hard
tissue substitute material. J Biomed Mater Res 38:235–241
117. Kim IY, Seo SJ, Moon HS (2008) Recent developments in biodegradable synthetic polymers.
Biotechnol Adv 26:1–21
118. Di Martino A, Sittinger M, Risbud MV (2005) Chitosan: a versatile biopolymer for orthopaedic tissue-engineering. Biomaterials 26:5983–5990
119. Sionkowska A (2011) Current research on the blends of natural and synthetic polymers as
new biomaterials: review. Prog Polym Sci 36:1254–1276
120. Struszczyk MH (2002) Chitin and chitosan. Part II. Applications of chitosan. Polimery
47:396–403
121. Muzzarelli R, Baldassarre V, Conti F, Ferrara P, Biagini G, Gazzanelli G, Vasi V (1988)
Biological activity of chitosan: ultrastructural study. Biomaterials 9:247–252
122. Majeti N, Kumar R (2000) A review of chitin and chitosan applications. React Funct Polym
46:1–27
123. Hudson SM, Smith C (1998) Polysaccharide: chitin and chitosan: chemistry and technology
of their use as structural materials. In: Kaplan DL (ed) Biopolymers from renewable
resources. Springer, New York, pp 96–118
124. Terbojevich M, Cosani A, Conio G, Marsano E, Bianchi E (1991) Chitosan: chain rigidity
and mesophase formation. Carbohydr Res 209:251–260
125. Gerrit B (2001) Chitosans for gene delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 52:145–150
126. Chunmeng S, Ying Z, Xinze R, Meng W, Yongping S, Tianmin C (2006) Therapeutic
potential of chitosan and its derivatives in regenerative medicine. J Surg Res 133:185–192
127. Berger J, Reist M, Mayer JM, Felt O, Gurny R (2004) Structure and interactions in chitosan
hydrogels formed by complexation or aggregation for biomedical applications. Eur J Pharm
Biopharm 57:35–52
128. Sevda S, McClure SJ (2004) Potential applications of chitosan in veterinary medicine. Adv
Drug Deliv Rev 56:1467–1480
129. Kim TH, Jiang H, Jere D, Park IK, Cho MH, Nah JW (2007) Chemical modification of
chitosan as a gene carrier in vitro and in vivo. Prog Polym Sci 32:726–753
130. Dodane V, Vilivalam VD (1998) Pharmaceutical applications of chitosan. Pharm Sci Technol
Today 1:246–253
131. Sinha VR, Singla AK, Wadhawan S, Kaushik R, Kumria R, Bansal K, Dhawan S (2004)
Chitosan microspheres as a potential carrier for drugs. Int J Pharm 274:1–33
132. Berger J, Reist M, Mayer JM, Felt O, Peppas NA, Gurny R (2004) Structure and interactions
in covalently and ionically crosslinked chitosan hydrogels for biomedical applications. Eur J
Pharm Biopharm 57:19–34
133. Wan ACA, Khor E, Hastings GW (1998) Preparation of a chitin-apatite composite by in situ
precipitation onto porous chitin scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res 41:541–548
134. Ge Z, Baguenard S, Lim LY (2004) Hydroxyapatite–chitin materials as potential tissue
engineered bone substitutes. Biomaterials 25:1049–1058
135. Zhao F, Yin Y, Lu WW (2002) Preparation and histological evaluation of biomimetic threedimensional hydroxyapatite/chitosan-gelatin network composite scaffolds. Biomaterials
23:3227–3234
136. Zhao F, Grayson WL, Ma T (2006) Effects of hydroxyapatite in 3-D chitosan–gelatin
polymer network on human mesenchymal stem cell construct development. Biomaterials
27:1859–1867
137. Li J, Chen Y, Yin Y (2007) Modulation of nano-hydroxyapatite size via formation on
chitosan–gelatin network film in situ. Biomaterials 28:781–790
138. Zhang L, Li Y, Yang A (2005) Preparation and in vitro investigation of chitosan/nanohydroxyapatite composite used as bone substitute materials. J Mater Sci Mater Med 16:213–219
139. Hu Q, Li B, Wang M (2004) Preparation and characterization of biodegradable chitosan/
hydroxyapatite nanocomposite rods via in situ hybridization: a potential material as internal
fixation of bone fracture. Biomaterials 25:779–785
166
A. Bhowmick et al.
tissue substitute material. J Biomed Mater Res 38:235–241
117. Kim IY, Seo SJ, Moon HS (2008) Recent developments in biodegradable synthetic polymers.
Biotechnol Adv 26:1–21
118. Di Martino A, Sittinger M, Risbud MV (2005) Chitosan: a versatile biopolymer for orthopaedic tissue-engineering. Biomaterials 26:5983–5990
119. Sionkowska A (2011) Current research on the blends of natural and synthetic polymers as
new biomaterials: review. Prog Polym Sci 36:1254–1276
120. Struszczyk MH (2002) Chitin and chitosan. Part II. Applications of chitosan. Polimery
47:396–403
121. Muzzarelli R, Baldassarre V, Conti F, Ferrara P, Biagini G, Gazzanelli G, Vasi V (1988)
Biological activity of chitosan: ultrastructural study. Biomaterials 9:247–252
122. Majeti N, Kumar R (2000) A review of chitin and chitosan applications. React Funct Polym
46:1–27
123. Hudson SM, Smith C (1998) Polysaccharide: chitin and chitosan: chemistry and technology
of their use as structural materials. In: Kaplan DL (ed) Biopolymers from renewable
resources. Springer, New York, pp 96–118
124. Terbojevich M, Cosani A, Conio G, Marsano E, Bianchi E (1991) Chitosan: chain rigidity
and mesophase formation. Carbohydr Res 209:251–260
125. Gerrit B (2001) Chitosans for gene delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 52:145–150
126. Chunmeng S, Ying Z, Xinze R, Meng W, Yongping S, Tianmin C (2006) Therapeutic
potential of chitosan and its derivatives in regenerative medicine. J Surg Res 133:185–192
127. Berger J, Reist M, Mayer JM, Felt O, Gurny R (2004) Structure and interactions in chitosan
hydrogels formed by complexation or aggregation for biomedical applications. Eur J Pharm
Biopharm 57:35–52
128. Sevda S, McClure SJ (2004) Potential applications of chitosan in veterinary medicine. Adv
Drug Deliv Rev 56:1467–1480
129. Kim TH, Jiang H, Jere D, Park IK, Cho MH, Nah JW (2007) Chemical modification of
chitosan as a gene carrier in vitro and in vivo. Prog Polym Sci 32:726–753
130. Dodane V, Vilivalam VD (1998) Pharmaceutical applications of chitosan. Pharm Sci Technol
Today 1:246–253
131. Sinha VR, Singla AK, Wadhawan S, Kaushik R, Kumria R, Bansal K, Dhawan S (2004)
Chitosan microspheres as a potential carrier for drugs. Int J Pharm 274:1–33
132. Berger J, Reist M, Mayer JM, Felt O, Peppas NA, Gurny R (2004) Structure and interactions
in covalently and ionically crosslinked chitosan hydrogels for biomedical applications. Eur J
Pharm Biopharm 57:19–34
133. Wan ACA, Khor E, Hastings GW (1998) Preparation of a chitin-apatite composite by in situ
precipitation onto porous chitin scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res 41:541–548
134. Ge Z, Baguenard S, Lim LY (2004) Hydroxyapatite–chitin materials as potential tissue
engineered bone substitutes. Biomaterials 25:1049–1058
135. Zhao F, Yin Y, Lu WW (2002) Preparation and histological evaluation of biomimetic threedimensional hydroxyapatite/chitosan-gelatin network composite scaffolds. Biomaterials
23:3227–3234
136. Zhao F, Grayson WL, Ma T (2006) Effects of hydroxyapatite in 3-D chitosan–gelatin
polymer network on human mesenchymal stem cell construct development. Biomaterials
27:1859–1867
137. Li J, Chen Y, Yin Y (2007) Modulation of nano-hydroxyapatite size via formation on
chitosan–gelatin network film in situ. Biomaterials 28:781–790
138. Zhang L, Li Y, Yang A (2005) Preparation and in vitro investigation of chitosan/nanohydroxyapatite composite used as bone substitute materials. J Mater Sci Mater Med 16:213–219
139. Hu Q, Li B, Wang M (2004) Preparation and characterization of biodegradable chitosan/
hydroxyapatite nanocomposite rods via in situ hybridization: a potential material as internal
fixation of bone fracture. Biomaterials 25:779–785
166
A. Bhowmick et al.