92. Barralet JE, Gaunt T, Wright AJ, Gibson IR, Knowles JC (2002) Effect of porosity by
compaction on compressive strength and microstructure of calcium phos-phate cement.
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93. Zambonin G, Colucci S, Cantatore F, Grano M (1998) Response of human osteoblasts to
polymethylmetacrylate in vitro. Calcif Tissue Int 62(4):362–365
94. Cunin G, Boissonnet H, Petite H, Blanchat C, Guillemin G (2000) Experimental
vertebroplasty using osteo-conductive granular material. Spine 25(9):1070–1076
95. Lu JX, Huang ZW, Tropiano P (2002) Human bio-logical reactions at the interface between
bone tissue and polymethylmethacrylate cement. J Mater Sci Mater Med 13(8):803–809
96. Heini PF, Walchli B, Berlemann U (2000) Percutaneous transpedicular vertebroplasty with
PMMA: operative technique and early results. Eur Spine J 9(5):445–450
97. De Santis R, Ambrogi V, Carfagna C (2006) Effect of microencapsulated phase change
materials on the thermo-mechanical properties of poly(methyl-methacrylate) based
biomaterials. J Mater Sci Mater Med 17:1219–1226
98. Pielichowski K, Flejtuch K (2002) Differential scanning calorimetry studies on polyethylene
glycol with different molecular weights for thermal energy storage materials. Polym Adv
Techn 13:690–696
99. Migliaresi C, Fambri L, Kolarik J (1994) Polymerization kinetics, glass transition temperature and creep of acrylic bone cements. Biomaterials 15:875–881
100. Liu Q, de Wijn JR, Blitterswijk CA (1998) Covalent bonding of PMMA, PBMA, and poly
(HEMA) to hydroxyapatite particles. J Biomed Mater Res 40:257–263
101. Kwon SW, Kim YS, Woo YK (1997) Hydroxyapatite impregnated bone cement: in vitro and
in vivo studies. Biomed Mater Eng 7:129–140
102. Harper EJ, Behiri JC, Bonfield W (1995) Flexural and fatigue properties of a bone cement
based upon polyethylmethacrylate and hydroxyapatite. J Mater Sci Mater Med 6:799–803
103. Moursi AM, Winnard AV, Winnard PL (2002) Enhanced osteoblast response to a
polymethylmethacrylate–hydroxyapatite composite. Biomaterials 23:133–144
104. Skrtic D, Stansbury JW, Antonucci JM (2003) Volumetric contraction and methacrylate
conversion in photopolymerized amorphous calcium phosphate/methacrylate composites.
Biomaterials 24:2443–2449
105. Kim SB, Kim YJ, Yoon TL (2004) The characteristics of a hydroxyapatite–chitosan–PMMA
bone cement. Biomaterials 25:5715–5723
106. Vert M (2007) Polymeric biomaterials: strategies of the past vs. strategies of the future. Prog
Polym Sci 32:755–761
107. Ratner BD, Hoffman AS, Schoen FJ (1996) Biomaterials science. In: Lemons JE (ed) An
introduction to materials in medicine. Academic, San Diego, CA
108. Katti DS, Lakshmi S, Langer R (2002) Toxicity, biodegradation and elimination of
polyanhydrides. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54:933–961
109. Gilding DK, Reed AM (1979) Biodegradable polymers for use in surgery – polyglycolic/poly
(lactic acid) homo- and copolymers. Polymer 20:1459–1464
110. Barrows TH (1986) Degradable implant materials: a review of synthetic absorbable polymers
and their applications. Clin Mater 1:233–257
111. Gunatillake P, Mayadunne R, Adhikari R (2006) Recent developments in biodegradable
synthetic polymers. Biotechnol Annu Rev 12:301–347
112. Li S (1999) Hydrolytic degradation characteristicts of aliphatic polyesters derived from lactic
and glycolic acids. J Biomed Mater Res 48:342–353
113. Nair LS, Laurencin CT (2007) Biodegradable polymers as biomaterials. Prog Polym Sci
32:762–798
114. Rinaudo M (2006) Chitin and chitosan: properties and applications. Prog Polym Sci
31:603–632
115. Khor E, Lim LY (2003) Implantable applications of chitin and chitosan. Biomaterials
24:2339–2349
Hydroxyapatite-Packed Chitosan-PMMA Nanocomposite: A Promising Material for. . .
165
compaction on compressive strength and microstructure of calcium phos-phate cement.
J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 63(1):1–9
93. Zambonin G, Colucci S, Cantatore F, Grano M (1998) Response of human osteoblasts to
polymethylmetacrylate in vitro. Calcif Tissue Int 62(4):362–365
94. Cunin G, Boissonnet H, Petite H, Blanchat C, Guillemin G (2000) Experimental
vertebroplasty using osteo-conductive granular material. Spine 25(9):1070–1076
95. Lu JX, Huang ZW, Tropiano P (2002) Human bio-logical reactions at the interface between
bone tissue and polymethylmethacrylate cement. J Mater Sci Mater Med 13(8):803–809
96. Heini PF, Walchli B, Berlemann U (2000) Percutaneous transpedicular vertebroplasty with
PMMA: operative technique and early results. Eur Spine J 9(5):445–450
97. De Santis R, Ambrogi V, Carfagna C (2006) Effect of microencapsulated phase change
materials on the thermo-mechanical properties of poly(methyl-methacrylate) based
biomaterials. J Mater Sci Mater Med 17:1219–1226
98. Pielichowski K, Flejtuch K (2002) Differential scanning calorimetry studies on polyethylene
glycol with different molecular weights for thermal energy storage materials. Polym Adv
Techn 13:690–696
99. Migliaresi C, Fambri L, Kolarik J (1994) Polymerization kinetics, glass transition temperature and creep of acrylic bone cements. Biomaterials 15:875–881
100. Liu Q, de Wijn JR, Blitterswijk CA (1998) Covalent bonding of PMMA, PBMA, and poly
(HEMA) to hydroxyapatite particles. J Biomed Mater Res 40:257–263
101. Kwon SW, Kim YS, Woo YK (1997) Hydroxyapatite impregnated bone cement: in vitro and
in vivo studies. Biomed Mater Eng 7:129–140
102. Harper EJ, Behiri JC, Bonfield W (1995) Flexural and fatigue properties of a bone cement
based upon polyethylmethacrylate and hydroxyapatite. J Mater Sci Mater Med 6:799–803
103. Moursi AM, Winnard AV, Winnard PL (2002) Enhanced osteoblast response to a
polymethylmethacrylate–hydroxyapatite composite. Biomaterials 23:133–144
104. Skrtic D, Stansbury JW, Antonucci JM (2003) Volumetric contraction and methacrylate
conversion in photopolymerized amorphous calcium phosphate/methacrylate composites.
Biomaterials 24:2443–2449
105. Kim SB, Kim YJ, Yoon TL (2004) The characteristics of a hydroxyapatite–chitosan–PMMA
bone cement. Biomaterials 25:5715–5723
106. Vert M (2007) Polymeric biomaterials: strategies of the past vs. strategies of the future. Prog
Polym Sci 32:755–761
107. Ratner BD, Hoffman AS, Schoen FJ (1996) Biomaterials science. In: Lemons JE (ed) An
introduction to materials in medicine. Academic, San Diego, CA
108. Katti DS, Lakshmi S, Langer R (2002) Toxicity, biodegradation and elimination of
polyanhydrides. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54:933–961
109. Gilding DK, Reed AM (1979) Biodegradable polymers for use in surgery – polyglycolic/poly
(lactic acid) homo- and copolymers. Polymer 20:1459–1464
110. Barrows TH (1986) Degradable implant materials: a review of synthetic absorbable polymers
and their applications. Clin Mater 1:233–257
111. Gunatillake P, Mayadunne R, Adhikari R (2006) Recent developments in biodegradable
synthetic polymers. Biotechnol Annu Rev 12:301–347
112. Li S (1999) Hydrolytic degradation characteristicts of aliphatic polyesters derived from lactic
and glycolic acids. J Biomed Mater Res 48:342–353
113. Nair LS, Laurencin CT (2007) Biodegradable polymers as biomaterials. Prog Polym Sci
32:762–798
114. Rinaudo M (2006) Chitin and chitosan: properties and applications. Prog Polym Sci
31:603–632
115. Khor E, Lim LY (2003) Implantable applications of chitin and chitosan. Biomaterials
24:2339–2349
Hydroxyapatite-Packed Chitosan-PMMA Nanocomposite: A Promising Material for. . .
165