52. Synowiecki J, Sikorski ZE, Naczk M (1981) The activity of immobilized enzymes on
different krill chitin preparations. Biotechnol Bioeng 23:2211
53. No HK, Meyers SP (1995) Preparation and characterization of chitin and chitosan – a review.
J Aq Food Prod Technol 4:27
54. Whistler RS, BeMiller JN (1962) Alkaline degradation of amino sugars. J Org Chem 27:1161
55. Horowitz ST, Roseman S, Blumental HJ (1957) The preparation of glucosamine oligosaccharides separation. J Am Chem Soc 79:5046
56. Refer website: www.france-chitine.com/fab.e.htm
57. Chen MH, Chan HY, Wu CL et al (2002) Production of chitosan and chitin. US Patent
6,485,946 B1
58. Feofilova EP, Nemtsev DV, Tereshina VM et al (1996) Appl Biochem Microbiol 32:437–445
59. Tsigos I, Martinou A, Kafetzopoulos D et al (2000) Chitin deacetylases: new versatile tools in
biotechnology. Tibtech 18:305–312
60. Araki Y, Ito E (1975) A pathway of chitosan formation in Mucor rouxii: enzymatic
deacetylation of chitin. Eur J Biochem 189:249–253
61. Kafetzopoulos D, Martinou A et al (1993) Bioconversion of chitin and chitosan: purification
and characterization of chitin deacetylase from Mucor rouxii. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
90:2564–2568
62. Martinou A, Kafetzopoulos D et al (1993) Isolation of chitin deacetylase from Mucor rouxii
by immunoaffinity chromatography. J Chromatogr 644:35–41
63. Tsigos I, Bouriotis V (1995) Purification and characterization of chitin deacetylase from
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. J Biol Chem 270:26286–26291
64. Gao XD, Katsumoto T et al (1995) Purification and characterization of chitin deacetylase
from Absidia coerulea. J Biochem 117:257–263
65. Tokuyasu K, Ohnishi-Kameyama M et al (1996) Purification and characterization of extracellular chitin deacetylase from Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem
60:1598–1603
66. Zhao Y, Park RD et al (2010) Chitin deacetylases: properties and applications. Mar Drugs
8:24–46
67. Song YS, Seo DJ, Kim KY et al (2012) Expression patterns of chitinase produced from
Paenibacillus chitinolyticus with different two culture media. Carbohydr Polym
90:1187–1192
68. Zhao Y, Jo GH, Ju WT et al (2011) A highly N-glycosylated chitin deacetylase derived from a
novel strain of Mortierella sp. DY-52. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 75:960–965
69. Srinivasan VR (1998) Biotransformation of chitin to chitosan. US Patent 5,739,015
70. Yong T, Hong J, Zhangfu L et al (2005) Purification and characterization of an extracellular
chitinase produced by bacterium C4. Ann Microbiol 55:213–218
71. Zhou G, Zhang H, He Y et al (2010) Identification of a chitin deacetylase producing bacteria
isolated from soil and its fermentation optimization. Afr J Microbiol Res 4:2597–2603
72. Kaur K, Dattajirao V, Shrivastava V et al (2012) Isolation and characterization of chitosanproducing bacteria from beaches of Chennai, India. Enzyme Res. doi:10.1155/2012/421683
73. Muzzarelli RAA, Mattioli-Belmonte M, Muzzarelli B et al (1997) Medical and veterinary
applications of chitin and chitosan. In: Domard A, Roberts GAF, Varum KM (eds) Advances
in chitin Science. Jacques Andre, Lyon, pp 580–589
74. Naczk M, Synowiecki J, Sikorski ZE (1981) The gross chemical composition of Antarctic
krill shell waste. Food Chem 7:175–179
75. Synowiecki J, Al-Khateeb NA (2000) The recovery of protein hydrolysate during enzymatic
isolation of chitin from shrimp Crangon crangon processing discards. Food Chem
68:147–152
76. Kassai M (2008) A review of several reported procedures to determine the degree of
N-acetylation for chitin and chitosan using infrared spectroscopy. Carbohydr Polym
71:497–508
77. Brugnerotto J, Lizardi J, Goycoolea FM et al (2001) An infrared investigation in relation with
chitin and chitosan characterization. Polymer 42:3569–3580
126
J. Dutta
different krill chitin preparations. Biotechnol Bioeng 23:2211
53. No HK, Meyers SP (1995) Preparation and characterization of chitin and chitosan – a review.
J Aq Food Prod Technol 4:27
54. Whistler RS, BeMiller JN (1962) Alkaline degradation of amino sugars. J Org Chem 27:1161
55. Horowitz ST, Roseman S, Blumental HJ (1957) The preparation of glucosamine oligosaccharides separation. J Am Chem Soc 79:5046
56. Refer website: www.france-chitine.com/fab.e.htm
57. Chen MH, Chan HY, Wu CL et al (2002) Production of chitosan and chitin. US Patent
6,485,946 B1
58. Feofilova EP, Nemtsev DV, Tereshina VM et al (1996) Appl Biochem Microbiol 32:437–445
59. Tsigos I, Martinou A, Kafetzopoulos D et al (2000) Chitin deacetylases: new versatile tools in
biotechnology. Tibtech 18:305–312
60. Araki Y, Ito E (1975) A pathway of chitosan formation in Mucor rouxii: enzymatic
deacetylation of chitin. Eur J Biochem 189:249–253
61. Kafetzopoulos D, Martinou A et al (1993) Bioconversion of chitin and chitosan: purification
and characterization of chitin deacetylase from Mucor rouxii. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
90:2564–2568
62. Martinou A, Kafetzopoulos D et al (1993) Isolation of chitin deacetylase from Mucor rouxii
by immunoaffinity chromatography. J Chromatogr 644:35–41
63. Tsigos I, Bouriotis V (1995) Purification and characterization of chitin deacetylase from
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. J Biol Chem 270:26286–26291
64. Gao XD, Katsumoto T et al (1995) Purification and characterization of chitin deacetylase
from Absidia coerulea. J Biochem 117:257–263
65. Tokuyasu K, Ohnishi-Kameyama M et al (1996) Purification and characterization of extracellular chitin deacetylase from Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem
60:1598–1603
66. Zhao Y, Park RD et al (2010) Chitin deacetylases: properties and applications. Mar Drugs
8:24–46
67. Song YS, Seo DJ, Kim KY et al (2012) Expression patterns of chitinase produced from
Paenibacillus chitinolyticus with different two culture media. Carbohydr Polym
90:1187–1192
68. Zhao Y, Jo GH, Ju WT et al (2011) A highly N-glycosylated chitin deacetylase derived from a
novel strain of Mortierella sp. DY-52. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 75:960–965
69. Srinivasan VR (1998) Biotransformation of chitin to chitosan. US Patent 5,739,015
70. Yong T, Hong J, Zhangfu L et al (2005) Purification and characterization of an extracellular
chitinase produced by bacterium C4. Ann Microbiol 55:213–218
71. Zhou G, Zhang H, He Y et al (2010) Identification of a chitin deacetylase producing bacteria
isolated from soil and its fermentation optimization. Afr J Microbiol Res 4:2597–2603
72. Kaur K, Dattajirao V, Shrivastava V et al (2012) Isolation and characterization of chitosanproducing bacteria from beaches of Chennai, India. Enzyme Res. doi:10.1155/2012/421683
73. Muzzarelli RAA, Mattioli-Belmonte M, Muzzarelli B et al (1997) Medical and veterinary
applications of chitin and chitosan. In: Domard A, Roberts GAF, Varum KM (eds) Advances
in chitin Science. Jacques Andre, Lyon, pp 580–589
74. Naczk M, Synowiecki J, Sikorski ZE (1981) The gross chemical composition of Antarctic
krill shell waste. Food Chem 7:175–179
75. Synowiecki J, Al-Khateeb NA (2000) The recovery of protein hydrolysate during enzymatic
isolation of chitin from shrimp Crangon crangon processing discards. Food Chem
68:147–152
76. Kassai M (2008) A review of several reported procedures to determine the degree of
N-acetylation for chitin and chitosan using infrared spectroscopy. Carbohydr Polym
71:497–508
77. Brugnerotto J, Lizardi J, Goycoolea FM et al (2001) An infrared investigation in relation with
chitin and chitosan characterization. Polymer 42:3569–3580
126
J. Dutta