29. Teng WL, Khor E, Tan TK et al (2001) Concurrent production of chitin from shrimp shells
and fungi. Carbohydr Res 332:305–316
30. Das S, Ganesh EA (2010) Extraction of chitin from trash crabs (Podophthalmus vigil) by an
eccentric method. Curr Res J Biol Sci 2:72–75
31. Okada T, Hartsdale NY, Kubo I et al (1999) Fungus useful for chitin production. US Patent
5,905,035
32. Wooten J, Singer NS (2003) Methods of extracting chitin from the shells of exoskeletal
animals. US Patent 6,632,941 B2
33. Sannan T, Tsuchida S, Yoshinaga S et al (2006) Purified chitins and production thereof.
US Patent 6,989,440 B2
34. Hackman RH, Goldberg M (1965) The studies on chitin. VI. The nature of α- and β-chitins.
Aust J Biol Chem 18:941–965
35. No HK, Meyers SP, Lee KS (1989) Isolation and characterization of chitin from crawfish
shell waste. J Agric Food Chem 37:138–144
36. Austin PR, Brine CJ, Castle JE et al (1981) Chitin: new facts of research. Science
212:749–753
37. Roberts G (1997) Chitosan production routes and their role in determining the structure and
properties of the product. In: Domard A, Roberts GAF, Varum KM (eds) Advances in chitin
science. Jaques Andre, Lyon, pp 22–31
38. Roberts GAF (1992) Chitin chemistry. Macmillan, London
39. Hayes M, Carney B, Slater J et al (2008) Mining marine shellfish waste for bioactive
molecules: chitin and chitosan. Part A: Extraction methods. Biotechnol J 3:871–877
40. Kjartansson GT, Zivanovic S, Kristbergsson K et al (2006) Sonication-assisted extraction of
chitin from shells of fresh water prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). J Agr Food Chem
54:3317–3323
41. Kim SK, Rajapakse N (2005) Enzymatic production and biological activities of chitosan
oligosaccharides (COS): a review. Carbohydr Polym 62:357–368
42. Percot A, Viton C, Domard A (2003) Optimization of chitin extraction from shrimp shells.
Biomacromolecules 4(1):12–18
43. Waldeck VJ, Daum G, Bisping B et al (2006) Isolation and molecular characterization of
chitinase-deficient Bacillus licheniformis strains capable of deproteinization of shrimp shell
waste to obtain highly viscous chitin. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:7879–7885
44. Mahmoud NS, Ghaly AE, Arab F (2007) Unconventional approach for demineralization of
deproteinized crustacean shells for chitin production. Am J Biochem Biotechnol 3:1–9
45. Rødde RH, Einbu A, Varum KM (2008) A seasonal study of the chemical composition and
chitin quality of shrimp shells obtained from northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis). Carbohydr
Polym 71:388–393
46. No HK, Lee MY (1996) Isolation of chitin from crab shell waste. J Korean Soc Food Nutr
24:105
47. Shahidi F, Synowiecki J (1991) Isolation and characterization of nutrients and value-added
products from snow Crab (Cinoecetes opilio) and shrimp (Pandalus borealis) processing
discards. J Agric Food Chem 39:1527
48. Tsaih ML, Chen RH (2003) The effect of reaction time and temperature during heterogeneous
alkali deacetylation on degree of deacetylation and molecular weight of resulting chitosan.
J Appl Polym Sci 88:2917
49. Gagne N, Simpson BK (1993) Use of proteolytic enzymes to facilitate the recovery of chitin
from shrimp wastes. Food Biotechnol 7:253
50. No HK, Meyers SP (1997) Preparation of chitin and chitosan. In: Muzzarelli RAA, Peter MG
(eds) Chitin handbook. European Chitin Society, Grottammare, Atec, Grottammare, Italy
pp 475–489
51. Acosta N, Jimenez C, Borau V et al (1993) Extraction and characterization of chitin from
crustaceans. Biomass Bioeng 5:145
Engineering of Polysaccharides via Nanotechnology
125
and fungi. Carbohydr Res 332:305–316
30. Das S, Ganesh EA (2010) Extraction of chitin from trash crabs (Podophthalmus vigil) by an
eccentric method. Curr Res J Biol Sci 2:72–75
31. Okada T, Hartsdale NY, Kubo I et al (1999) Fungus useful for chitin production. US Patent
5,905,035
32. Wooten J, Singer NS (2003) Methods of extracting chitin from the shells of exoskeletal
animals. US Patent 6,632,941 B2
33. Sannan T, Tsuchida S, Yoshinaga S et al (2006) Purified chitins and production thereof.
US Patent 6,989,440 B2
34. Hackman RH, Goldberg M (1965) The studies on chitin. VI. The nature of α- and β-chitins.
Aust J Biol Chem 18:941–965
35. No HK, Meyers SP, Lee KS (1989) Isolation and characterization of chitin from crawfish
shell waste. J Agric Food Chem 37:138–144
36. Austin PR, Brine CJ, Castle JE et al (1981) Chitin: new facts of research. Science
212:749–753
37. Roberts G (1997) Chitosan production routes and their role in determining the structure and
properties of the product. In: Domard A, Roberts GAF, Varum KM (eds) Advances in chitin
science. Jaques Andre, Lyon, pp 22–31
38. Roberts GAF (1992) Chitin chemistry. Macmillan, London
39. Hayes M, Carney B, Slater J et al (2008) Mining marine shellfish waste for bioactive
molecules: chitin and chitosan. Part A: Extraction methods. Biotechnol J 3:871–877
40. Kjartansson GT, Zivanovic S, Kristbergsson K et al (2006) Sonication-assisted extraction of
chitin from shells of fresh water prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). J Agr Food Chem
54:3317–3323
41. Kim SK, Rajapakse N (2005) Enzymatic production and biological activities of chitosan
oligosaccharides (COS): a review. Carbohydr Polym 62:357–368
42. Percot A, Viton C, Domard A (2003) Optimization of chitin extraction from shrimp shells.
Biomacromolecules 4(1):12–18
43. Waldeck VJ, Daum G, Bisping B et al (2006) Isolation and molecular characterization of
chitinase-deficient Bacillus licheniformis strains capable of deproteinization of shrimp shell
waste to obtain highly viscous chitin. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:7879–7885
44. Mahmoud NS, Ghaly AE, Arab F (2007) Unconventional approach for demineralization of
deproteinized crustacean shells for chitin production. Am J Biochem Biotechnol 3:1–9
45. Rødde RH, Einbu A, Varum KM (2008) A seasonal study of the chemical composition and
chitin quality of shrimp shells obtained from northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis). Carbohydr
Polym 71:388–393
46. No HK, Lee MY (1996) Isolation of chitin from crab shell waste. J Korean Soc Food Nutr
24:105
47. Shahidi F, Synowiecki J (1991) Isolation and characterization of nutrients and value-added
products from snow Crab (Cinoecetes opilio) and shrimp (Pandalus borealis) processing
discards. J Agric Food Chem 39:1527
48. Tsaih ML, Chen RH (2003) The effect of reaction time and temperature during heterogeneous
alkali deacetylation on degree of deacetylation and molecular weight of resulting chitosan.
J Appl Polym Sci 88:2917
49. Gagne N, Simpson BK (1993) Use of proteolytic enzymes to facilitate the recovery of chitin
from shrimp wastes. Food Biotechnol 7:253
50. No HK, Meyers SP (1997) Preparation of chitin and chitosan. In: Muzzarelli RAA, Peter MG
(eds) Chitin handbook. European Chitin Society, Grottammare, Atec, Grottammare, Italy
pp 475–489
51. Acosta N, Jimenez C, Borau V et al (1993) Extraction and characterization of chitin from
crustaceans. Biomass Bioeng 5:145
Engineering of Polysaccharides via Nanotechnology
125