21. Kreuer KD (2001) On the development of proton conducting polymer membranes for
hydrogen and methanol fuel cells. J Membr Sci 185:29–39
22. Cui MZ, Li ZY, Zhang J, Feng SY (2008) Siloxane-based polymer electrolytes. Prog Chem
20:1987–1997
23. Karatas Y, Kaskhedikar N, Burjanadze M, Wiemhofer HD (2006) Synthesis of cross-linked
comb polysiloxane for polymer electrolyte membranes. Macromol Chem Phys 207:419–425
24. Kunze M, Karatas Y, Wiemho ¨fer HD, Eckert H, Scho ¨nhoff M (2010) Activation of transport
and local dynamics in polysiloxane-based salt-in-polymer electrolytes: a multinuclear NMR
study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 12:6844–6851
25. Dubreuil F, Elsner N, Fery A (2003) Elastic properties of polyelectrolyte capsules studied by
atomic-force microscopy and RICM. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter Biol Phys 12:215–221
26. Picart C, Senger B, Sengupta K, Dubreuil F, Fery A (2007) Measuring mechanical properties
of polyelectrolyte multilayer thin films: novel methods based on AFM and optical techniques.
Colloids Surf A 303:30–36
27. Durstock MF, Rubner MF (2001) Dielectric properties of polyelectrolyte multilayers.
Langmuir 17:7865–7872
28. DeLongchamp DM, Hammond PT (2003) Fast ion conduction in layer-by-layer polymer films.
Chem Mater 15:1165–1173
29. DeLongchamp DM, Hammond PT (2004) Highly ion conductive poly(ethylene oxide)-based
solid polymer electrolytes from hydrogen bonding layer-by-layer assembly. Langmuir
20:5403–5411
30. Akgo ¨l Y, Hofmann C, Karatas Y, Cramer C, Wiemho ¨fer HD, Scho ¨nhoff M (2007) Conductivity spectra of polyphosphazene-based polyelectrolyte multilayers. J Phys Chem B
111:8532–8539
31. Argun AA, Ashcraft JN, Herring MK, Lee DKY, Allcock HR, Hammond PT (2010) Ion
conduction and water transport in polyphosphazene-based multilayers. Chem Mater 22:226–232
32. Hoogeveen N, Stuart M, Fleer G, Bo ¨hmer M (1996) Formation and stability of multilayers of
polyelectrolytes. Langmuir 12:3675–3681
33. Jaber JA, Schlenoff JB (2007) Counterions and water in polyelectrolyte multilayers: a tale of
two polycations. Langmuir 23:896–901
34. Crouzier T, Picart C (2009) Ion pairing and hydration in polyelectrolyte multilayer films
containing polysaccharides. Biomacromolecules 10:433–442
35. Daiko Y, Katagiri K, Matsuda A (2008) Proton conduction in thickness-controlled ultrathin
polycation/nafion multilayers prepared via layer-by-layer assembly. Chem Mater 20:6405–6409
36. Xi JY, Wu ZH, Teng XG, Zhao YT, Chen LQ, Qiu XP (2008) Self-assembled polyelectrolyte
multilayer modified nafion membrane with suppressed vanadium ion crossover for vanadium
redox flow batteries. J Mater Chem 18:1232–1238
37. Jiang SP, Liu ZC, Tian ZQ (2006) Layer-by-layer self-assembly of composite polyelectrolytenafion membranes for direct methanol fuel cells. Adv Mater 18:1068–1072
38. Lutkenhaus JL, Hammond PT (2007) Electrochemically enabled polyelectrolyte multilayer
devices: from fuel cells to sensors. Soft Matter 3:804–816
39. Akgo ¨l Y, Cramer C, Hofmann C, Karatas Y, Wiemho ¨fer HD, Scho ¨nhoff M (2010) Humiditydependent dc conductivity of polyelectrolyte multilayers: protons or other small ions as charge
carriers? Macromolecules 43:7282–7287
40. Imre A ´ W, Scho ¨nhoff M, Cramer C (2008) A conductivity study and calorimetric analysis
of dried poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate)/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) polyelectrolyte complexes. J Chem Phys 128:134905
41. Imre A ´ W, Scho ¨nhoff M, Cramer C (2009) Unconventional scaling of electrical conductivity
spectra for PSS-PDADMAC polyelectrolyte complexes. Phys Rev Lett 102:255901
42. Funke K, Cramer C, Wilmer D (2005) Concept of mismatch and relaxation for self-diffusion
and conduction in ionic materials with disordered structures. In: Ka ¨rger J, Heitjans P (eds)
Diffusion in condensed matter. Springer, Berlin, pp 857–893
136
C. Cramer and M. Scho ¨nhoff
hydrogen and methanol fuel cells. J Membr Sci 185:29–39
22. Cui MZ, Li ZY, Zhang J, Feng SY (2008) Siloxane-based polymer electrolytes. Prog Chem
20:1987–1997
23. Karatas Y, Kaskhedikar N, Burjanadze M, Wiemhofer HD (2006) Synthesis of cross-linked
comb polysiloxane for polymer electrolyte membranes. Macromol Chem Phys 207:419–425
24. Kunze M, Karatas Y, Wiemho ¨fer HD, Eckert H, Scho ¨nhoff M (2010) Activation of transport
and local dynamics in polysiloxane-based salt-in-polymer electrolytes: a multinuclear NMR
study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 12:6844–6851
25. Dubreuil F, Elsner N, Fery A (2003) Elastic properties of polyelectrolyte capsules studied by
atomic-force microscopy and RICM. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter Biol Phys 12:215–221
26. Picart C, Senger B, Sengupta K, Dubreuil F, Fery A (2007) Measuring mechanical properties
of polyelectrolyte multilayer thin films: novel methods based on AFM and optical techniques.
Colloids Surf A 303:30–36
27. Durstock MF, Rubner MF (2001) Dielectric properties of polyelectrolyte multilayers.
Langmuir 17:7865–7872
28. DeLongchamp DM, Hammond PT (2003) Fast ion conduction in layer-by-layer polymer films.
Chem Mater 15:1165–1173
29. DeLongchamp DM, Hammond PT (2004) Highly ion conductive poly(ethylene oxide)-based
solid polymer electrolytes from hydrogen bonding layer-by-layer assembly. Langmuir
20:5403–5411
30. Akgo ¨l Y, Hofmann C, Karatas Y, Cramer C, Wiemho ¨fer HD, Scho ¨nhoff M (2007) Conductivity spectra of polyphosphazene-based polyelectrolyte multilayers. J Phys Chem B
111:8532–8539
31. Argun AA, Ashcraft JN, Herring MK, Lee DKY, Allcock HR, Hammond PT (2010) Ion
conduction and water transport in polyphosphazene-based multilayers. Chem Mater 22:226–232
32. Hoogeveen N, Stuart M, Fleer G, Bo ¨hmer M (1996) Formation and stability of multilayers of
polyelectrolytes. Langmuir 12:3675–3681
33. Jaber JA, Schlenoff JB (2007) Counterions and water in polyelectrolyte multilayers: a tale of
two polycations. Langmuir 23:896–901
34. Crouzier T, Picart C (2009) Ion pairing and hydration in polyelectrolyte multilayer films
containing polysaccharides. Biomacromolecules 10:433–442
35. Daiko Y, Katagiri K, Matsuda A (2008) Proton conduction in thickness-controlled ultrathin
polycation/nafion multilayers prepared via layer-by-layer assembly. Chem Mater 20:6405–6409
36. Xi JY, Wu ZH, Teng XG, Zhao YT, Chen LQ, Qiu XP (2008) Self-assembled polyelectrolyte
multilayer modified nafion membrane with suppressed vanadium ion crossover for vanadium
redox flow batteries. J Mater Chem 18:1232–1238
37. Jiang SP, Liu ZC, Tian ZQ (2006) Layer-by-layer self-assembly of composite polyelectrolytenafion membranes for direct methanol fuel cells. Adv Mater 18:1068–1072
38. Lutkenhaus JL, Hammond PT (2007) Electrochemically enabled polyelectrolyte multilayer
devices: from fuel cells to sensors. Soft Matter 3:804–816
39. Akgo ¨l Y, Cramer C, Hofmann C, Karatas Y, Wiemho ¨fer HD, Scho ¨nhoff M (2010) Humiditydependent dc conductivity of polyelectrolyte multilayers: protons or other small ions as charge
carriers? Macromolecules 43:7282–7287
40. Imre A ´ W, Scho ¨nhoff M, Cramer C (2008) A conductivity study and calorimetric analysis
of dried poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate)/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) polyelectrolyte complexes. J Chem Phys 128:134905
41. Imre A ´ W, Scho ¨nhoff M, Cramer C (2009) Unconventional scaling of electrical conductivity
spectra for PSS-PDADMAC polyelectrolyte complexes. Phys Rev Lett 102:255901
42. Funke K, Cramer C, Wilmer D (2005) Concept of mismatch and relaxation for self-diffusion
and conduction in ionic materials with disordered structures. In: Ka ¨rger J, Heitjans P (eds)
Diffusion in condensed matter. Springer, Berlin, pp 857–893
136
C. Cramer and M. Scho ¨nhoff