43. Pas SJ, Banhatti RD, Funke K (2006) Conductivity spectra and ion dynamics of a salt-inpolymer electrolyte. Solid State Ionics 177:3135–3139
44. Santic A, Wrobel W, Mutke M, Banhatti RD, Funke K (2009) Frequency-dependent fluidity
and conductivity of an ionic liquid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 11:5930–5934
45. Causemann S, Scho ¨nhoff M, Eckert H (2011) Local environment and distribution of alkali ions
in polyelectrolyte complexes studied by solid-state NMR. Phys Chem Chem Phys 13:8967–8976
46. Carrie `re D, Dubois M, Scho ¨nhoff M, Zemb T, Mo ¨hwald H (2006) Counter-ion activity and
microstructure in polyelectrolyte complexes as determined by osmotic pressure measurements.
Phys Chem Chem Phys 8:3141–3146
47. Scho ¨nhoff M, Imre A ´ W, Bhide A, Cramer C (2010) Mechanisms of ion conduction in
polyelectrolyte multilayers and complexes. Z Phys Chem 224:1555–1589
48. Bhide A, Scho ¨nhoff M, Cramer C (2012) Cation conductivity in dried poly(4-styrene
sulfonate) poly(diallydimethylammonium chloride) based polyelectrolyte complexes. Solid
State Ionics 214:13–18
49. Bunde A, Ingram MD, Maass P (1994) The dynamic structure model for ion transport in
glasses. J Non-Cryst Solids 172:1222–1236
50. Imre A ´ W, Berkemeier F, Mehrer H, Gao Y, Cramer C, Ingram MD (2008) Transition from
a single-ion to a collective diffusion mechanism in alkali borate glasses. J Non-Cryst Solids
354:328–332
51. Gao Y, Cramer C (2005) Mixed cation effects in glasses with three types of alkali ions. Solid
State Ionics 176:2279–2284
52. Roling B (2001) Modeling of ion transport processes in disordered solids: Monte Carlo
simulations of the low-temperature particle dynamics in the random barrier model. Phys
Chem Chem Phys 3:5093–5098
53. Schrøder TB, Dyre JC (2000) Scaling and universality of ac conduction in disordered solids.
Phys Rev Lett 84:310–313
54. Maass P, Rinn B, Schirmacher W (1999) Hopping dynamics in random energy landscapes:
an effective medium approach. Philos Mag B 79:1915–1922
55. Dieterich W, Maass P (2002) Non-Debye relaxations in disordered ionic solids. Chem Phys
284:439–467
56. Cramer C, Brunklaus S, Gao Y, Funke K (2003) Dynamics of mobile ions in single- and
mixed-cation glasses. J Phys Condens Matter 15:S2309–S2321
57. Cramer C, Akgo ¨l Y, Imre A ´ W, Bhide A, Scho ¨nhoff M (2009) Ion dynamics in solid polyelectrolyte materials. Z Phys Chem 223:1171–1185
58. Cramer C, Funke K (1992) Observatio of 2 relaxatio processes in an ion conducting glass
yields new structural information. Ber Bunsen Ges Phys Chem 96:1725–1727
59. Cramer C, Funke K, Saatkamp T, Wilmer D, Ingram MD (1995) High frequency conductivity
plateau and ionic hopping processes in a ternary lithium borate glass. Z Naturforsch A Phys Sci
50:613–623
60. Funke K, Maue T, Wilmer D, Cramer C, Saatkamp T (1994) Different kinds of localized
hopping in solid electrolytes. In: Ramanarayanan TA, Worrell WL, Tuller HL (eds) Ionic and
mixed conducting ceramics. The Electrochemical Society Softbound Proceedings, Pennington,
pp 564–573
61. Laughman DM, Banhatti RD, Funke K (2009) Nearly constant loss effects in borate glasses.
Phys Chem Chem Phys 11:3158–3167
62. Rinn B, Dieterich W, Maass P (1998) Stochastic modelling of ion dynamics in complex
systems: dipolar effects. Philos Mag B 77:1283–1292
63. Kno ¨dler D, Dieterich W, Petersen J (1992) Coulombic traps and ion conduction in glassy
electrolytes. Solid State Ionics 53:1135–1140
64. Ko ¨hler R, Do ¨nch I, Ott P, Laschewsky A, Fery A, Krastev R (2009) Neutron reflectometry
study of swelling of polyelectrolyte multilayers in water vapors: influence of charge density of
the polycation. Langmuir 25:11576–11585
Ion Conduction in Solid Polyelectrolyte Complex Materials
137
44. Santic A, Wrobel W, Mutke M, Banhatti RD, Funke K (2009) Frequency-dependent fluidity
and conductivity of an ionic liquid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 11:5930–5934
45. Causemann S, Scho ¨nhoff M, Eckert H (2011) Local environment and distribution of alkali ions
in polyelectrolyte complexes studied by solid-state NMR. Phys Chem Chem Phys 13:8967–8976
46. Carrie `re D, Dubois M, Scho ¨nhoff M, Zemb T, Mo ¨hwald H (2006) Counter-ion activity and
microstructure in polyelectrolyte complexes as determined by osmotic pressure measurements.
Phys Chem Chem Phys 8:3141–3146
47. Scho ¨nhoff M, Imre A ´ W, Bhide A, Cramer C (2010) Mechanisms of ion conduction in
polyelectrolyte multilayers and complexes. Z Phys Chem 224:1555–1589
48. Bhide A, Scho ¨nhoff M, Cramer C (2012) Cation conductivity in dried poly(4-styrene
sulfonate) poly(diallydimethylammonium chloride) based polyelectrolyte complexes. Solid
State Ionics 214:13–18
49. Bunde A, Ingram MD, Maass P (1994) The dynamic structure model for ion transport in
glasses. J Non-Cryst Solids 172:1222–1236
50. Imre A ´ W, Berkemeier F, Mehrer H, Gao Y, Cramer C, Ingram MD (2008) Transition from
a single-ion to a collective diffusion mechanism in alkali borate glasses. J Non-Cryst Solids
354:328–332
51. Gao Y, Cramer C (2005) Mixed cation effects in glasses with three types of alkali ions. Solid
State Ionics 176:2279–2284
52. Roling B (2001) Modeling of ion transport processes in disordered solids: Monte Carlo
simulations of the low-temperature particle dynamics in the random barrier model. Phys
Chem Chem Phys 3:5093–5098
53. Schrøder TB, Dyre JC (2000) Scaling and universality of ac conduction in disordered solids.
Phys Rev Lett 84:310–313
54. Maass P, Rinn B, Schirmacher W (1999) Hopping dynamics in random energy landscapes:
an effective medium approach. Philos Mag B 79:1915–1922
55. Dieterich W, Maass P (2002) Non-Debye relaxations in disordered ionic solids. Chem Phys
284:439–467
56. Cramer C, Brunklaus S, Gao Y, Funke K (2003) Dynamics of mobile ions in single- and
mixed-cation glasses. J Phys Condens Matter 15:S2309–S2321
57. Cramer C, Akgo ¨l Y, Imre A ´ W, Bhide A, Scho ¨nhoff M (2009) Ion dynamics in solid polyelectrolyte materials. Z Phys Chem 223:1171–1185
58. Cramer C, Funke K (1992) Observatio of 2 relaxatio processes in an ion conducting glass
yields new structural information. Ber Bunsen Ges Phys Chem 96:1725–1727
59. Cramer C, Funke K, Saatkamp T, Wilmer D, Ingram MD (1995) High frequency conductivity
plateau and ionic hopping processes in a ternary lithium borate glass. Z Naturforsch A Phys Sci
50:613–623
60. Funke K, Maue T, Wilmer D, Cramer C, Saatkamp T (1994) Different kinds of localized
hopping in solid electrolytes. In: Ramanarayanan TA, Worrell WL, Tuller HL (eds) Ionic and
mixed conducting ceramics. The Electrochemical Society Softbound Proceedings, Pennington,
pp 564–573
61. Laughman DM, Banhatti RD, Funke K (2009) Nearly constant loss effects in borate glasses.
Phys Chem Chem Phys 11:3158–3167
62. Rinn B, Dieterich W, Maass P (1998) Stochastic modelling of ion dynamics in complex
systems: dipolar effects. Philos Mag B 77:1283–1292
63. Kno ¨dler D, Dieterich W, Petersen J (1992) Coulombic traps and ion conduction in glassy
electrolytes. Solid State Ionics 53:1135–1140
64. Ko ¨hler R, Do ¨nch I, Ott P, Laschewsky A, Fery A, Krastev R (2009) Neutron reflectometry
study of swelling of polyelectrolyte multilayers in water vapors: influence of charge density of
the polycation. Langmuir 25:11576–11585
Ion Conduction in Solid Polyelectrolyte Complex Materials
137