50. Zhao K, Khan HU, Li R, Su Y, Amassian A (2013) Entanglement of conjugated polymer
chains influences molecular self-assembly and carrier transport. Adv Funct Mater 23:6024–
6035
51. Park YD, Lee HS, Choi YJ, Kwak D, Cho JH, Lee S, Cho K (2009) Solubility-induced
ordered polythiophene precursors for high-performance organic thin-film transistors. Adv
Funct Mater 19:1200–1206
52. Chang M, Choi D, Fu B, Reichmanis E (2013) Solvent based hydrogen bonding: impact on
poly(3-hexylthiophene) nanoscale morphology and charge transport characteristics. Acs
Nano 7:5402–5413
53. Lide DR (ed) (1994) CRC handbook of chemistry and physics, 75th edn. CRC, Boca Raton
54. Lu G, Tang H, Qu Y, Li L, Yang X (2007) Enhanced electrical conductivity of highly
crystalline polythiophene/insulating-polymer composite. Macromolecules 40:6579–6584
55. Oh JY, Shin M, Lee TI, Jang WS, Min Y, Myoung J-M, Baik HK, Jeong U (2012) Self-seeded
growth of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3ht) nanofibrils by a cycle of cooling and heating in
solutions. Macromolecules 45:7504–7513
56. Qiu L, Lee WH, Wang X, Kim JS, Lim JA, Kwak D, Lee S, Cho K (2009) Organic thin-film
transistors based on polythiophene nanowires embedded in insulating polymer. Adv Mater
21:1349–1353
57. Jo SB, Lee WH, Qiu L, Cho K (2012) Polymer blends with semiconducting nanowires for
organic electronics. J Mater Chem 22:4244–4260
58. Wu P-T, Xin H, Kim FS, Ren G, Jenekhe SA (2009) Regioregular poly(3-pentylthiophene):
synthesis, self-assembly of nanowires, high-mobility field-effect transistors, and efficient
photovoltaic cells. Macromolecules 42:8817–8826
59. Liu J, Zou J, Zhai L (2009) Bottom-up assembly of poly(3-hexylthiophene) on carbon
nanotubes: 2d building blocks for nanoscale circuits. Macromol Rapid Commun 30:1387–
1391
60. Sarker BK, Liu J, Zhai L, Khondaker SI (2011) Fabrication of organic field effect transistor
by directly grown poly(3 hexylthiophene) crystalline nanowires on carbon nanotube aligned
array electrode. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 3:1180–1185
61. Merlo JA, Frisbie CD (2003) Field effect conductance of conducting polymer nanofibers. J
Polym Sci B 41:2674–2680
62. Merlo JA, Frisbie CD (2004) Field effect transport and trapping in regioregular
polythiophene nanofibers. J Phys Chem B 108:19169–19179
63. Wang GM, Swensen J, Moses D, Heeger AJ (2003) Increased mobility from regioregular
poly(3-hexylthiophene) field-effect transistors. J Appl Phys 93:6137–6141
64. Cho S, Lee K, Yuen J, Wang G, Moses D, Heeger AJ, Surin M, Lazzaroni R (2006) Thermal
annealing-induced enhancement of the field-effect mobility of regioregular poly
(3-hexylthiophene) films. J Appl Phys 100:114503–114506
65. Crossland EJW, Rahimi K, Reiter G, Steiner U, Ludwigs S (2011) Systematic control of
nucleation density in poly(3-hexylthiophene) thin films. Adv Funct Mater 21:518–524
66. Lu GH, Li LG, Yang XN (2007) Achieving perpendicular alignment of rigid polythiophene
backbones to the substrate by using solvent-vapor treatment. Adv Mater 19:3594–3598
67. Wang H, Liu J, Xu Y, Han Y (2013) Fibrillar morphology of derivatives of poly
(3-alkylthiophene)S by solvent vapor annealing: effects of conformational transition and
conjugate length. J Phys Chem B 117:5996–6006
68. Crossland EJW, Tremel K, Fischer F, Rahimi K, Reiter G, Steiner U, Ludwigs S (2012)
Anisotropic charge transport in spherulitic poly(3-hexylthiophene) films. Adv Mater 24:839–
844
69. Chua LL, Zaumseil J, Chang JF, Ou ECW, Ho PKH, Sirringhaus H, Friend RH (2005)
General observation of N-type field-effect behaviour in organic semiconductors. Nature
434:194–199
134
J. Zaumseil
chains influences molecular self-assembly and carrier transport. Adv Funct Mater 23:6024–
6035
51. Park YD, Lee HS, Choi YJ, Kwak D, Cho JH, Lee S, Cho K (2009) Solubility-induced
ordered polythiophene precursors for high-performance organic thin-film transistors. Adv
Funct Mater 19:1200–1206
52. Chang M, Choi D, Fu B, Reichmanis E (2013) Solvent based hydrogen bonding: impact on
poly(3-hexylthiophene) nanoscale morphology and charge transport characteristics. Acs
Nano 7:5402–5413
53. Lide DR (ed) (1994) CRC handbook of chemistry and physics, 75th edn. CRC, Boca Raton
54. Lu G, Tang H, Qu Y, Li L, Yang X (2007) Enhanced electrical conductivity of highly
crystalline polythiophene/insulating-polymer composite. Macromolecules 40:6579–6584
55. Oh JY, Shin M, Lee TI, Jang WS, Min Y, Myoung J-M, Baik HK, Jeong U (2012) Self-seeded
growth of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3ht) nanofibrils by a cycle of cooling and heating in
solutions. Macromolecules 45:7504–7513
56. Qiu L, Lee WH, Wang X, Kim JS, Lim JA, Kwak D, Lee S, Cho K (2009) Organic thin-film
transistors based on polythiophene nanowires embedded in insulating polymer. Adv Mater
21:1349–1353
57. Jo SB, Lee WH, Qiu L, Cho K (2012) Polymer blends with semiconducting nanowires for
organic electronics. J Mater Chem 22:4244–4260
58. Wu P-T, Xin H, Kim FS, Ren G, Jenekhe SA (2009) Regioregular poly(3-pentylthiophene):
synthesis, self-assembly of nanowires, high-mobility field-effect transistors, and efficient
photovoltaic cells. Macromolecules 42:8817–8826
59. Liu J, Zou J, Zhai L (2009) Bottom-up assembly of poly(3-hexylthiophene) on carbon
nanotubes: 2d building blocks for nanoscale circuits. Macromol Rapid Commun 30:1387–
1391
60. Sarker BK, Liu J, Zhai L, Khondaker SI (2011) Fabrication of organic field effect transistor
by directly grown poly(3 hexylthiophene) crystalline nanowires on carbon nanotube aligned
array electrode. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 3:1180–1185
61. Merlo JA, Frisbie CD (2003) Field effect conductance of conducting polymer nanofibers. J
Polym Sci B 41:2674–2680
62. Merlo JA, Frisbie CD (2004) Field effect transport and trapping in regioregular
polythiophene nanofibers. J Phys Chem B 108:19169–19179
63. Wang GM, Swensen J, Moses D, Heeger AJ (2003) Increased mobility from regioregular
poly(3-hexylthiophene) field-effect transistors. J Appl Phys 93:6137–6141
64. Cho S, Lee K, Yuen J, Wang G, Moses D, Heeger AJ, Surin M, Lazzaroni R (2006) Thermal
annealing-induced enhancement of the field-effect mobility of regioregular poly
(3-hexylthiophene) films. J Appl Phys 100:114503–114506
65. Crossland EJW, Rahimi K, Reiter G, Steiner U, Ludwigs S (2011) Systematic control of
nucleation density in poly(3-hexylthiophene) thin films. Adv Funct Mater 21:518–524
66. Lu GH, Li LG, Yang XN (2007) Achieving perpendicular alignment of rigid polythiophene
backbones to the substrate by using solvent-vapor treatment. Adv Mater 19:3594–3598
67. Wang H, Liu J, Xu Y, Han Y (2013) Fibrillar morphology of derivatives of poly
(3-alkylthiophene)S by solvent vapor annealing: effects of conformational transition and
conjugate length. J Phys Chem B 117:5996–6006
68. Crossland EJW, Tremel K, Fischer F, Rahimi K, Reiter G, Steiner U, Ludwigs S (2012)
Anisotropic charge transport in spherulitic poly(3-hexylthiophene) films. Adv Mater 24:839–
844
69. Chua LL, Zaumseil J, Chang JF, Ou ECW, Ho PKH, Sirringhaus H, Friend RH (2005)
General observation of N-type field-effect behaviour in organic semiconductors. Nature
434:194–199
134
J. Zaumseil